Steve Jobs and Apple Strategic Leadership Sample

Introduction OfSteve Jobs and Apple Strategic Leadership

Task 1-Case Study

Background to the organization and the business leader

The business leader selected is Steve Jobs and the organization is "Apple Company" for the case study and essay where the principles and concepts are analyzed. Apple was founded in the year 1976 by college dropouts "Steve Jobs" and "Steve Wozniak" that had completely changed the technology and software industry. The company is related to the designing, innovation and manufacturing of computers, tablets, smartphones, and other accessories. The headquarters of the company is in "Cupertino, California" and is involved in the "Retail and Wholesale" industry (forbes.com, 2023). The market share of the company is $191.94, has generated revenue of $332.2 billion and profits were generated at 94.3 billion in the last year. There are over 164000 employees that are working in over 26 countries that have 526 stores in the world.

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Figure 1: Stock Price Performance of Apple

(Sources: forbes.com, 2023)

The business leader and the founder of Apple are "Steve Jobs" who was a college dropout and started the company from the garage in his home. The "Macintosh" was created in the year 1976 and had the company on the map but was later fired from his job by "John Sculley" the "Chief Executive Officer" due to a power struggle (forbes.com, 2023). He was also the major shareholder of "Pixar, Disney" which is one of the wealth sources of the renowned buisness leader. The true pioneer in the world of computing was "Steve Jobs" and "Steve Woz" as the idea for computers came from the desire to get a "personal computer" and has also helped in the writing of software (allaboutstevejobs.com, 2023). "Steve Jobs" was a great business leader for the company as he lead and empowered all his employees for the completion of all the tasks. He was the role model for all the employees that was due to the implementation of his character traits like the eye for detail and innovation.

Strategic leadership and the importance of the organization

The meaning of "strategic leadership" is denoted as the implementation of managers' skills like "problem-solving skills" and "strategic vision" as well as "creativity" for the team members. This is also stated to be useful for the obtainment of the objectives and goals of the company. According to the opinion of Samimi et al.(2022), the domain of "strategic leadership" is indicated to be "broad" and "roughly defined" as the role of the strategic leaders is "complicated" and "varied". The main objectives of this leadership are "strategic productivity" and the development of an efficient and positive working environment for the employees. This is an important skill that has a considerable amount of impact on the workers and team members and has the ability for a collective vision for the success of the organization.

Figure 2: Apple Inc. Key Product and Service Portfolio Source

(Sources:Almeida et al. 2021)

The importance of "Strategic Leadership" can help in the procedure of streamlining, boosting strategic productivity as well as promoting leadership. This is required for the organization as this can help with the employees being productive, independent, and efficient and coming up with new ideas. This is stated to be effective for Apple due to the heavy competition in the computer market that the difference is the innovation. This is due to the difference in the suppliers of hardware, software and retail outlets that can distinguish "Apple" from other companies in the industry. This can effectively help in the ability to use all the resources efficiently to promote the ability of the employees the development of unique products for the company. There is also the communication strategy that has helped in the creation of all-rounder and successful marketing and advertising strategies to have a huge impact on the demand and preferences of the consumers (Almeida et al. 2021). The implementation of "Strategic Leadership" can create brand loyalty as the consumers have a "well-perceived" idea regarding the position of the brand.

Comparison of Main approaches to the study of leadership and organization

There are 5 main approaches to the study of "leadership" that are the "situational approach,", "functional approach" and "behavioural approach", traits approach", "relational approach" and "transformational approach". This can be stated that there are four approaches that are considered for "leadership" that is on the basis of "Traits, skills, behavioral, situational and relation". The different kinds of traits are considered to be one the most effective ways the harness knowledge, flexibility, willpower and integrity. There are also different kinds of styles that are considered for the accurate study of leadership. This can be stated that the approach indicates the traits of leadership that are present in the leaders that are denoted to be available in all the leaders and groups. The leadership approaches are executed on the basis of the promotion of the innovation and creativity culture that is critical in the paradigm shift of "Industry 4.0" (Guzmán et al. 2020). The analysis of the different traits is denoted to be compared and associated with the approach to leadership by Apple.

The leadership style that has been considered for Apple is the "Democratic leadership style" which is the current leadership style under "Tim Cook" but during "Steve Jobs" leadership had an "autocratic leadership style". There was a distinct contrast in the former leadership model that had been considered to be effective in all the regions except China. His leadership style was only regarding "product innovation" as well " ethical leadership" had helped in the upgrade of software "OS" under his guidance (Kim, 2020). The company was led in an "autocratic manner" which can indicate having less faith and trust in his employees which can be in primary contrast with the leadership approach that is more towards the "situation favorableness" among the workforce. The leadership approach under "Steve Jobs" was defined as "my way or the highways” which made him take responsibility for all the decision-making processes along with the direction in which lead the team. There have been changes in the leadership style under "Tim Cook" that were related to "Quiet leadership" (research-methodology.net, 2023). This is a more efficient leadership style that also considers the 5 features of the approaches to leadership styles "Traits, skills, behavioral, situational, and relation".

Analysis of the role of the leader in developing strategy

The main role of the leader in the development of strategy is regarded as the heart and soul as well as a vision for the organization. This can be stated that the job of the leader is to help in the creation of a vision for the company that is comprised of "imagination" and the "energy" from the workforce. Based on the opinion of Cortellazzo et al. (2019), the changes in digital technology were the contribution of different strategies along with the detection of patterns of different ideas and thoughts like "psychology" and "management". This can be stated that the role of "Steve Jobs" in developing a strategy for Apple was most focused on the details of the products as well as the design that can help in distinguishing products from the existing products in the market.

The strategy that was developed by "Steve Jobs" was for "ease of use" and "simplicity" and he mostly focused and invested in "innovation". There was also the emphasis on the "functional expertise" and the "decision rights for that domain" that had made Apple one of the most prestigious companies in the market (Podolny and Hansen, 2020). The mantra developed by "Steve Jobs “A computer for the rest of us” helped him throughout his leadership career and was also a part of "Apple culture". Furthermore, his role in the developing strategy has transformed the "computer" and "animation" industry.

Exploration of the exercises of leadership power and influence

The "leadership power" is stated to have an impact on the workers of the leaders in the company where persuasion and empowerment can help the employees achieve their true potential. This can be stated that "leadership power" and "influence" has a huge impact where the "experiential exercises" are conducted in various parts that are in terms of the "motivation", "communication", "leading teams" and "development of diversity" (Manning and Curtis, 2019). The power of influence on Jobs is related to the power that was on the 6 bases that were drawn to him. The powers were "legitimate", "expert", "reward", "information", "referent" and "coercive". This has helped in the progress and which was through the "vision" and "sheer force" was the exercise of "leadership power" of Jobs. Furthermore, there is the power of "autocracy" and "perfectionism" that has helped in achieving success as well as the workforce that has the efficiency for following all the orders.

The exercise of "leadership power" and "influence" can be denoted through the capability to impose the will and influence to have a strong ability to impact behaviors and beliefs. The power is to be used for controlling the ship in the correct direction where the "autocratic style" of "Steve Jobs" can be considered. This can be seen after he was fired from "Apple" he was able to make a "NeXT machine" that had a different operating system "NeXTSTEP" which had a breakthrough in the personal computing industry (allaboutstevejobs.com, 2023). This was through the effective "autocratic leadership style" in the initial years at Apple that got him fired after the success of "Apple II", "Lisa & Xerox PARC" and "Macintosh". He was not able to understand the decline in the PC industry in 1985 but after his return the influence he imposed when he hired the appropriate candidate for the job although his power is the "abrasive style of leadership" (cnbc.com, 2023).

Importance of ethics, values, and corporate social Responsibilities

The "ethics", "values" and "corporate social responsibilities" are important for the company to develop a "positive reputation" for attracting investors and potential consumers. The consideration of the ethics and "corporate social responsibilities” are used for the building of the relation of trust and credibility with the "stakeholders" This is stated to be important considering the huge success and influence of the company in the market. The success of "Apple" is required for the development of the best products as the "Business Conduct and Compliance policies" are the foundation of business practices (apple.com, 2023). Under the leadership of "Steve Jobs," there was empowerment in the accessibility of technology as well the force of "equity and opportunity".

This can be stated that under the guidance of "Tim Cook" there was the involvement of "CSR" which can make the company socially responsible. The "Corporate Social Responsibilities" are based on the company being "Carbon neutral" for all corporate-related activities. There is clarity made by the "Apple Board" that is used for the fostering of the "principles actions", an efficient decision considered and accurate monitoring for "compliance and performance". The key values on which the company was built for the "ESG" efforts are "accessibility, education, environment, Inclusion & Diversity, Privacy and Supplier Responsibility" (investor.apple.com, 2023). This is important for the company to have a positive image in the company as a brand that can increase the brand value.

Analysis of the leadership and sustainability concepts and trends

The leadership and sustainability concepts and trends are considered to be an influence procedure that can help in guidance, adjustment and commitment. This can also help with addressing the issues that are related to the “social, environmental and economic" that is for the creation of a better world (linkedin.com, 2023). This can be stated that the "autocratic style" that is followed by "Steve Jobs" has played an important role in the growth of the company. The transformation of a company from the garage to being the "top technology organization today" has noted. "Steve Jobs" a meticulous eye for details and features helped him in making the trends and concepts. This can be seen with the launch of "iPod" which was the biggest success in the technology and gadget market. The focus on fewer projects has helped in the development of the successful brand along with adaptability.

Task 2-Essay

Role of the business leader in driving organizational performance

Steve Jobs is known as one of the most influential leaders. He is a visionary leader who is playing a vital role in driving the organizational goals of Apple.

Steve Jobs has played a pivotal role in Apple's dynamic management. He had a clear vision for the future of Apple and was able to wisely articulate that vision as a habit that inspires and empowers his workforce. He, too, built a civilization of innovation and creativity at Apple, enabling him to attain organizational objectives. This has created some of the most iconic achievements in history.

Some of the significant way steve jobs have worked to uplift the performance of Apple

• Demanding leadership- Steve Jobs is famous for being known as a demanding leader. His leadership style has always motivated and challenged the workforce to do better. He pushes his employees that help them to attain the best out of themselves.
• Innovative and creative- Steve Jobs believed that his company Apple must be different than other organizations. He has developed a work environment that can encourage the workforce to be innovative (Bans-Akutey, 2021). He has always appreciated new ideas and visions. His innovative leadership has helped his workforce to come up with very iconic ideas. The creation of the products such as the iPad, MacBook, and so on has proved that his innovative leadership has been a successful strategy.
• Visionary- The foremost goal of Steve Jobs was to set the vision for the company. He wanted the company to be an organization that can bring change into the world. His excellent leadership leads him to communicate his vision to his workforce. His visionary leadership gave goals and vision and direction to the workforce. His articulated leadership has always motivated the employees.
• Role model- A good leader is always a role model for the employees. As Steve Jobs is a role model for the workforce at Apple. His passion and enthusiasm for attaining organizational goals have portrayed him as an exceptional leader.
• Communication skills- A good leader must know the way to communicate his visions and objectives to his workforce (Bojadjiev, 2019). The communication skills of Steve Jobs have proved that he was able to share his vision with his workforce. His leadership skill has always motivated his workforce to attain organizational goals.
• Assessment of team- A leader can only attain his goals if he has a strong team who shares the same visions (S?seanu, and Toma, 2019). Steve Jobs has successfully created a strong team with the help of top and raw talent. This has helped the company to work together and attain the set objectives.

The success of Apple is the result of the leadership style of Steve Jobs. At the current time, Apple is one of the most successful companies around the globe. The worth of the company is around two trillion, making it one of the well-renewed brands.

Leadership power and influence

Leadership power in the organization is the ability of leaders to influence their employees. This helps the leaders to use authority on the employees to attain the goals and objectives for the profitability of the organization (Khaliq, et al. 2021). On the other hand leadership influence is the capability of the leader to change the course of behavior of the employees based on persuasion rather than authority.

The leadership style of Steve Jobs has proved that he is one of the most prestigious leaders in the world. He uses leadership powers to attain the organizational goals of Apple. Some of the leadership power used by Steve Jobs is elaborated below-

• Significant power- The ability of Steve Jobs to inspire the workforce to extract the devotion out of them is very powerful. Jobs were a charming ruler, able to inspire loyalty and devotion in his welcoming workers.
• Expert power- Steve Jobs was an electronics manufacturing expert with a deep understanding of customer needs. This knowledge enables him to become a better overview of the requirement that is needed in the technological field (Aschbacher, 2019). As a result, he greatly influenced their actions. Due to his expertise in the technological field, Steve Jobs was aware of the need and he used that as a leadership power in Apple.
• Intimidating power- Steve Jobs used his power to intimidate the employees if they don't meet the set expectations. He has always used his authority that can intimidate the employees to do their best for the organization. This has helped him to have control over the action of the workforce.
• Honour Power- His leadership power also includes rewarding the employees as recognition. This has helped him to motivate the employees to do their best. He has always provided constructive feedback to the employees (Benmira, and Agboola, 2021). Promotions, awards rewards, and soon have always worked as a form of motivation for the employees at Apple.
• Some of the leadership Influences used by Steve Jobs are elaborated on below-
• Inspiration- Steve Jobs has used leadership influence to inspire the workforce of his company. He has influenced the workforce to act in a certain way that can help them to attain personal as well as organizational goals.
• Collaboration- Steve Jobs used the leadership technique to support the workforce of Apple. He has always been committed to his work which has created an influence on the team. This has given them reasons to be committed to their work as well.

Steve Jobs applied the style of leadership power base for building sophisticated novelty and edge at Apple. He demanded high quality from his workforce and was not afraid to challenge the working unit at Apple. This challenging leadership style has helped motivate employees to do their best. That competence base has made Apple one of the most successful companies in the industry. He formulated many strategic decisions that helped the organization to grow and prosper. For example, he was the one who focused on the service sector, and he was the one who decided to launch the iPhone.His expertise in the technological field has helped him to have the upper hand in strategy making (Niebuhr, et al. 2020). He has used his authority to portray himself as an inclusive leader. This has helped the company to have a more open mind for creativity and innovation. The usage of diversity in the company has helped him to have more diverse ideas. This style of leadership has proved to be problem-solving for the team as well as the company.

Main features and requirements of leadership development for competitive advantage

The features and requirements that can be seen in leadership development are denoted on the basis of the key elements are "communication, collaboration and management, accountability, influence and negotiation, and change management". The requirement for the "leadership characteristics" that are essential for "digital transformation" especially the computer manufacturing companies (Porfírio et al. 2021). There are different roles that are considered for leadership development for the growth and competitive advantage of the company. The alignment of the "leadership strategy" with the "business strategy" is important to achieve the goals successfully. The segmentation of the "leadership roles" are also denoted to be important for the proper emphasis laid on the competitiveness of the company in the related industry. The leadership gaps are also required leadership gaps are analysed along with the proper design for the "leadership development plans" (atlascorps.org, 2023). Furthermore, there is the "Measure, monitor and close gaps" which is effective for the overall assessment that can help in achieving a competitive advantage for the company. The increase in the "human capital" that is required for adding value to the customer can be seen from the view of "lifestyle".

The competitive advantage of Apple is denoted to be used on the basis of the "full capacity" of the company for potential consumers. This is conducted with the help of innovation and high-quality products that are manufactured and launched into the market. Along with this, there is also "brand recognition" which plays a vital role in the competitive advantage that has created a strong presence in the market. Apple products are also associated with status symbols as the possessor and buyer of the products indicate the income class of the consumer and are associated with luxury. According to the opinion of Mubarik and Bontis, (2022), innovation and technology are the challenging factors that are considered within the working operation of the business. There is the enhancement in the production process and human resources development that are used for the sustainability of the "competitive advantages". Moreover, this is used where the data of the employees are collected that can be implemented in the "high technology and innovation" in Apple.

The hiring of talented candidates where the company is focused is related to creativity, industry disruption as well as unconventional products. There is also the requirement of the "survival strategy" that can assert huge pressure on the resources along with the increase and changes in the demand and preferences of the consumers (Banmairuroy et al. 2022). There is also the use of the "'product leadership' strategy within the 'Value Disciplines' framework" that has set apart the company and helped gain a competitive advantage. This can be seen with the launch of "the iPod" along with the phone that became multifunctional that contains all the functions of a "mobile phone, portable media player, game console and handheld computer". This was later followed by other companies that can be stated that all the requirements that Apple used is for the competitive advantage.

Measurement of the assessment of the organization's strategic effectiveness from the leader's point

The measurement that is required for the assessment of "strategic effectiveness" is with the help of the comparison of the "actual achievements" with the "estimated goals and objectives". There are also tools that can be used for the effectiveness that can be seen in the success of the company. As per the opinion of Taouab and Issor, (2019), there are factors that can be considered for the performance of the company that is indicated through the "competitive advantage" with the equal exchange of "competitiveness", "efficiency" and "effectiveness". This is denoted that the effectiveness of Apple can be considered with the help of understanding the key criteria of Steve Jobs. He was focused on achieving perfection, focus on innovation and the importance of the final delivery of products into the market.

"Product Innovation and Differentiation"

There was a value that was given on the basis of the development of premium products that are creative and "groundbreaking”. There was also the importance that was levied on the user friendly along with the design apart from the technologically superior was the belief of "Steve Jobs". This can be seen from the success of "iPhone", "iPad" and "iPod" as there was an emphasis on product differentiation.

Brand loyalty and "Customer Satisfaction"

The growth in customer satisfaction is due to the higher level of "brand loyalty" towards the products that were launched by the company. This is related to one of the important aspects that are considered for "Steve Jobs" as his belief was related to the consumers will become supporters and backers of Apple which can help in attracting more consumers (CALANOG, 2019).

Creative promotion and marketing

"Steve Jobs" was known as the master of marketing and promotion thta can help in the highlighting of the unique features of the products as well as the benefits. There are many innovative ways the campaigns for the new products are planned that can help in creating mystery and anticipation among the potential buyers of the company.

User experience and design

There has been importance that has been laid on the design of the products along with the emphasis on the "user experience". Apple is known for its simple and unique design as there was an obsession of "Jobs" towards achieving and integrating aesthetics in the products (Barley et al. 2020). There was a priority that was given to the execution of seamless edge and experience to the users of the products that has been one of the "strategic effectiveness".

Financial Performance and Profitability

The importance of the generation of profits and financial performance is one of the points that is crucial for the former cap of APPLE. Although there was a focus on the creation of products as well as their uniqueness he also focused on the ways to earn more profits for the company along with the decrease in the expenses that can help in generating more profits for the company (Redpath and Vogel, 2020). Furthermore, there is also the importance that is given to securing more investment for the company as he believed that the success of the company requires the company to be financially healthy.

Task 3-Business Presentation

Importance of team and team leadership

Teamwork and team leadership are useful to attain the overall objective of the company. Teamwork is the capability to work in the same direction to attain the same organizational goal. Teamwork enables workers to recognize their own strengths. This can help them to work in a team with personal strengths. However, the team leadership is the capability that enables the leader to guide the team (Eisenberg, et al. 2019). Team leadership motivates employees to recognize their potential. They set organizational goals and set direction for the employees. This helps them to set the trust among their teammates and overall work to attain the organizational goals and objectives.

Difference between workgroups and teams

A working group is a group of people who agree to achieve the same goal, but never share the same goal or a common vision. They are frequently presented with tasks and met upon completion of a particular project. In other words, a team is a group of people dedicated to working together to achieve a most important goal. They share a common purpose and appearance and are supportive of their respective ends. The workgroups work together for specific work but the teams have common goals (Kahlow, et al. 2020). The work groups are task-oriented but the team always shares the same vision.

Comparison of informal and formal groups

Informal groups are instinctively formed by people who share common interests and goals. They have no formal endorsement of the organization and often do not have a clear governance structure. For organizations, formal groups are formed to achieve various goals. They have a definite form of order and control, and their appendages have specific actions and deadlines.The leadership pattern in the informal group is not official and the leadership pattern in the formal group is official (Thanapop, and Thanapop, 2021). The structure of an Informal group is loose whereas the structure of formal groups is tight.

Stages of group and team development

The stages of groups and team development are “Forming Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning”. Forming is the first stage of group and team development and Adjourning is the last stage of group and team development (Aquino, et al. 2022).

• Forming- This is the stage for knowing the members of the team and knowing about the goals and objectives of the groups.
• Storming- This is the stage where the members have any kinds of conflicts that can arise due to roles and accountability.
• Norming- This is the stage of setting the norms among the teammates. They develop the norms of their work pattern with other members of the group.
• Performing- This is the stage where the members in the term work together effectively to attain the organizational goals.
• Adjourning- This is the final stage of the team development. This is the stage where the team is scattered. It can be due to the attainment of goals. This can also be done if the time of the team has come to its final destination.

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References

Task1

• allaboutstevejobs.com, (2023). Apple's origins. Available at: https://allaboutstevejobs.com/bio/short_bio [Accessed on 9^th July, 2023]
• Almeida, M., Sousa, E., Rodrigues, C., Candeias, M.B. and Au-Yong-Oliveira, M., 2021. Samsung vs. Apple: How Different Communication Strategies Affect Consumers in Portugal.Administrative Sciences,11(1), p.19.
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• forbes.com, (2023). Background of Steve Jobs. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/profile/steve-jobs/?sh=70b869bc2808 [Accessed on 9^th July, 2023]
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Task 2

• Aschbacher, M.C., 2019. Innovative leadership style for industrial companies. In 7th MEDITERANNEAN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM ON SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, MIFS 2019, 16-17 May 2019, Barcelona, Spain (p. 177).
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• Banmairuroy, W., Kritjaroen, T. and Homsombat, W., 2022. The effect of knowledge-oriented leadership and human resource development on sustainable competitive advantage through organizational innovation's component factors: Evidence from Thailand's new S-curve industries.Asia Pacific Management Review,27(3), pp.200-209.
• Bans-Akutey, A., 2021. The path-goal theory of leadership. Academia Letters, 2.
• Barley, B., Kitamura, A., Loar, T., Ramon-Samayoa, E., Yuzon, J. and Daim, T.U., 2020. An Investigation of the Motivations and Strategies Behind Apple's Product Design.Innovation Management in the Intelligent World: Cases and Tools, pp.3-27.
• Benmira, S. and Agboola, M., 2021. Evolution of leadership theory. BMJ Leader, pp.leader-2020.
• Bojadjiev, M., 2019. Development of Instrument for Measurement of the Organizational Alignment-from Vox Organizationis to" Four Organizational Culture Types and Four Leadership Styles. Universal Journal of Management, 7(5), pp.186-199.
• CALANOG, M., 2019.Can it Prosper Without Steve Jobs?(Doctoral dissertation, Apple, Inc).
• Khaliq, M., Usman, A. and Ahmed, A., 2021. Effect of leadership style on working culture and employees motivation. The Journal of Educational Paradigms, 3(1), pp.166-170.
• Mubarik, M.S. and Bontis, N., 2022. Intellectual capital, leadership and competitive advantage: a study of the Malaysian electrical and electronics industry.International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital,19(6), pp.562-583.
• Niebuhr, O., Brem, A., Michalsky, J. and Neitsch, J., 2020. What makes business speakers sound charismatic? A contrastive acoustic-melodic analysis of Steve Jobs and Mark Zuckerberg. Cadernos de Linguística, 1(1), pp.01-40.
• Porfírio, J.A., Carrilho, T., Felício, J.A. and Jardim, J., 2021. Leadership characteristics and digital transformation.Journal of Business Research,124, pp.610-619.
• Redpath, I.J. and Vogel, T.J., 2020. ACCOUNTING STANDARDS FOR STOCKBASED COMPENSATION–A CASE STUDY OF APPLE, INC.Journal of Business and Accounting,13(1), pp.176-189.
• Ruttan, S., 2019. Entrepreneurial leadership: An emerging theory.
• S?seanu, A.S. and Toma, S.G., 2019. Leadership and employees' motivation. Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series, 19(1), pp.518-523.
• Taouab, O. and Issor, Z., 2019. Firm performance: Definition and measurement models.European Scientific Journal,15(1), pp.93-106.

Task 3

• Aquino, J.F., Riss, R.R., Multerer, S.M., Mogilner, L.N. and Turner, T.L., 2022. A step-by-step guide for mentors to facilitate team building and communication in virtual teams. Medical Education Online, 27(1), p.2094529.
• Eisenberg, J., Post, C. and DiTomaso, N., 2019. Team dispersion and performance: The role of team communication and transformational leadership. Small Group Research, 50(3), pp.348-380.
• Kahlow, J., Klecka, H. and Ruppel, E., 2020. What the differences in conflict between online and face-to-face work groups mean for hybrid groups: A state-of-the-art review. Review of Communication Research, 8, pp.51-77.
• Thanapop, C. and Thanapop, S., 2021. Work Ability of Thai Ageing Workers in Southern Thailand: A Comparison of Formal and Informal Sectors.