SHN4013: Health & Wellbeing via Psychological Perspectives Assignment Sample

Introduction: (SHN4013) Apply Theory: Lifestyle Changes and Wellbeing

Understanding and supporting people in making lifestyle changes is a crucial part of enhancing general well-being in the fields of health and social care. Using behaviour change models, which offer organised strategies for promoting and maintaining healthy lifestyle alterations, is one efficient way to assist these changes. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is one of these models that stands out as a particularly useful method. MI is a client-centered counselling method that places a strong emphasis on cooperation, empathy, and the investigation of a person's personal reasons for wanting to change. This method gives people the tools they need to not only see the need for change but also take the initiative and keep the changes going. It is crucial in this situation for the client and the healthcare provider, or link worker, to establish a cooperative relationship. The foundation of MI's success is a connection based on mutual respect, trust, and understanding.

Review of a behaviour change model and its application to support lifestyle change

One of the most popular conceptual frameworks for comprehending health behaviour is the Health Belief Model (HBM) (Mahindarathne, 2021). The Health Belief Model (HBM) was created in the 1950s by social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and other experts. It utilises an individual's attitudes and beliefs to forecast and elucidate health-related behaviours, especially when it comes to illness prevention and health promotion.

For example, compared to someone who exercises for external benefits like weight loss (extrinsic drive), someone who exercises for intrinsic delight (intrinsic motivation) is probably more consistent and fulfilled (Jhantasana, 2021). 

Positive reinforcement is helpful in promoting self-determination. Deci highlights that one way to increase intrinsic motivation is to provide unanticipated positive reinforcement and feedback on task completion (Morris et al., 2022).

The HBM is primarily composed of six components that forecast the reasons behind people's actions to prevent, detect, or manage health issues (Zewdie et al., 2022). These include cues to action, self-efficacy, perceived rewards, perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, and perceived hurdles. People's perceptions of the threat posed by health issues are shaped by their perceived vulnerability and severity. One of the main drivers of behaviour change is an individual's emotional reaction to the prospect of a health issue, which is influenced by their views (Duckworth & Gross, 2020). For example, someone may be more likely to adopt a healthy lifestyle if they recognise the serious problems connected with diabetes (severity) and feel they are at high risk of developing the condition due to family history (susceptibility).

Perceived advantages and barriers evaluate a person's conviction in the worth of changing their behaviour as well as the elements that encourage or inhibit the adoption of new habits (Vagnani & Volpe, 2017). A person has to think that the suggested behaviour change will lessen the threat (benefits) and that these advantages will exceed the expenses or difficulties (barriers) associated with implementing the change (Kim & Kim, 2020). For instance, worries about the time, money, and effort involved in maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise must be subordinated to the conviction that doing so will avoid diabetes.

Events or information from the outside world that can prompt someone to accept a recommended course of action for their health are known as cues to action (Raison et al., 2021). These could be health advisories from doctors, peer counsel, or media efforts. Finally, self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their capacity to carry out the necessary actions in order to achieve the intended results. It is a crucial component since motivation to change can be greatly reduced in the absence of self-belief.

There are several applications of the HBM to lifestyle modifications (Anuar et al., 2020). It has been used to create public health initiatives that, among other things, support medication adherence, boost physical activity, enhance dietary practises, and encourage quitting smoking (Vogel & Ramo, 2019). Behavioural skill training to increase self-efficacy and educational components to improve knowledge of health risks and benefits are common components of these therapies.

The HBM is not without its detractors, even with its broad application (Karl et al., 2022). It has been observed that the model overemphasises human choices while undervaluing the social and environmental elements that have a big influence on behaviour. It also has a tendency to highlight cognitive functions rather than the complexity of human emotion and motivation.

A useful lens for examining changes in health behaviour is the Health Belief Model (Schmidt-Kraepelin et al., 2020). It emphasises how crucial individual views and opinions are when making decisions about one's health. Although it could not cover every aspect of behaviour modification, it is a vital framework for creating treatments that try to alter a person's way of life (Scott et al., 2018). The degree to which HBM-based therapies can influence people's attitudes about health risks and their capacity for change thereby providing a path towards better behaviours and results will determine how effective they are.

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the theory in helping us understand how to support people to change lifestyle behaviour

The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a useful framework for comprehending and promoting changes in lifestyle behaviour because of its many advantages (Kebede et al., 2023). Its main advantage is that it emphasises personal beliefs as the foundation for action, which has the potential to be a very accurate indicator of behaviour connected to health. The Health Behaviour Model (HBM) offers an organised approach to determine which beliefs need to be changed in order to promote a new health behaviour (Ate? et al., 2021). It does this by dissecting the decision-making process into elements such as perceived susceptibility, severity, advantages, and barriers. This specificity enables customised interventions, such as informing people about their unique risks and the advantages of making changes, that can directly target personal aspects impacting health decisions.

Another noteworthy quality of the model is its inclusion of self-efficacy, which recognises that starting and maintaining lifestyle changes depend on having confidence in one's capacity to carry out a behaviour (Liu et al., 2022). This feature has influenced a number of useful health promotion tactics, including skill development and progressive goal-setting, which boost self-esteem and support sustained adherence to healthy habits.

However, the HBM's explanatory capacity is constrained by some notable flaws (Anibaldi et al., 2021). Its emphasis on human decision-making, frequently at the expense of social and environmental variables that have a significant impact on behaviour, is one critique of it. It might not fully take into consideration, for instance, the influence of social support networks, cultural views, or socioeconomic status, all of which might help or hinder changes in lifestyle. This individualistic method could oversimplify behaviour modification, which is a complicated process that involves more than just logical responses to health-related information.

Furthermore, the HBM may not sufficiently address behaviours that are driven by the want for instant gratification or social acceptance, like smoking or consuming unhealthy foods, because it presumes that behaviour is primarily motivated by the desire to prevent sickness (Rejeski & Fanning, 2019). Additionally, it frequently downplays how important emotions and ingrained behaviours can be when making decisions about one's health, even more so than cognitive evaluations.

Although the HBM is a ground-breaking model that provides insightful understanding of the cognitive mechanisms behind health behaviour modification, its efficacy might be increased by including a more comprehensive understanding of human behaviour that takes emotional, social, and environmental factors into account (Kwon & Silva, 2019). Comprehending these facets is essential in creating all-encompassing interventions that can successfully assist individuals in altering their lifestyle choices.

Application of the change model to a lifestyle behaviour

A thorough and compassionate approach is required when implementing the Health Belief Model (HBM) to support Hasan, who has numerous problems, in making lifestyle adjustments. Using this approach, we may analyse Hasan's circumstances and develop an intervention that fits his values, his sense of risk, and the realities of his day-to-day existence.

Recognising the Severity and Perceived Susceptibility of Hasan

Hasan is aware of the health hazards related to type 2 diabetes and the possibility of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The perceived vulnerability and severity of his illnesses must be properly acknowledged as the first stage in the HBM. It is imperative to bolster Hasan's comprehension of how these health concerns could worsen and result in more serious outcomes like kidney or heart problems. It is possible to highlight the seriousness of his condition and heighten his sense of threat and need for action by placing the hazards in the context of his family obligations and the possible effects on his capacity to care for them.

Perceived Advantages and the Drive for Transformation

Changes in nutrition, more exercise, and giving up smoking must be framed for Hasan not only in terms of long-term health gains but also in terms of immediate, palpable improvements in his quality of life. These include less dyspnea, improved blood sugar regulation, and a decreased chance of serious health problems. Benefits like his family's welfare and his ability to support them in the future should be presented in a way that is consistent with Hasan's moral principles.

Taking Care of Perceived Change-Related Barriers

For Hasan, there are significant perceived obstacles. He has several challenges because of his financial situation, his demanding work, taking care of his wife, and his responsibility as the family's principal provider. An intervention that works well must identify these obstacles and provide workable answers. Tailored techniques include things like food planning that is both economical and time-efficient, fitting in quick bursts of exercise with his erratic work schedule, and finding smoking cessation tools that work for him. Connecting Hasan with neighbourhood resources that could lessen his financial and childcare responsibilities could also be very helpful.

Systems of Support and Cues to Action

In order to encourage Hasan to adopt healthy habits, it is essential to provide him with cues to action. These can be customised alerts, such setting an alarm to remember to take your prescription or organising family events that involve physical activity. Furthermore, social support is an effective action cue. Utilising the assistance of the mosque's community and the possible support of the Asian Women's Support Centre can give Hasan access to a network of resources and encouragement.

Increasing Self-Efficacy in Hasan's Situation

It is essential to have self-efficacy, or the conviction that one can carry out the actions required to achieve particular performance goals. Small, incremental triumphs can help Hasan feel more confident about changing his lifestyle. Building his confidence can begin with small, attainable objectives like taking his kids to school every day or cutting back on his smoking by a particular amount each week. 

Formulating an Integrated Approach to Intervention

Collaboration between medical experts, the social prescribing link worker, and neighbourhood resources would be part of a customised intervention plan for Hasan. His health literacy needs should be met, and the strategy should make sure he is aware of his food and prescription schedule. Clear, culturally aware, and literacy-level-aware educational interventions are required.

The intervention's second crucial component is stress management. A major obstacle to Hasan changing his behaviour may be his ongoing tension. With Salima involved, the link worker could offer techniques like mindfulness to him in the comfort of his own home, creating a supportive setting for both of them.

Family and Community Involvement

It is imperative that Hasan's family be included in the process. For example, cooking may be turned into a family activity where kids learn about nutrition and take turns preparing meals. By doing this, the family not only shares the workload but also acquires good habits.

Long-Term Aspects and Succession Planning

The intervention needs to have a long-term goal in order to produce sustainable change. It is essential to follow up with the link worker on a regular basis to address obstacles, review progress, and modify objectives. Acknowledging accomplishments and efforts might help to foster good behaviour.

The Key Principles of Motivational Interviewing

A client-centred counselling technique has been called motivational interviewing (MI) aims to uncover and bolster a person's desire to modify their behaviour (Wood et al., 2020). MI is frequently used in the context of health behaviours to address lifestyle decisions like medication adherence, exercise, diet, and smoking. In addition, it has been decimated that several principles have been figured in the context of the key principles of motivational interviewing. 

Express empathy 

Empathy is essential for understanding the person's perspective and creating a supportive, nonjudgmental environment as it comes to health behaviour change (Moudatsou et al., 2020). As empathy increases the likelihood of a positive behaviour change, practitioners using MI in health contexts seek to understand the individual's motivations and challenges. 

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Develop Discrepancy

The goal of motivational interviewing is to draw attention to the differences that exist between a person's behaviour as it is now and their larger objectives or values (Markvica et al., 2020). As it comes to health behaviours, this entails assisting the person in realising how their present routines and their health goals are out of alignment. Motivational Interviewing increases intrinsic motivation by encouraging people to express the need for change on their own through accomplishing this approach. 

Changing in resistance 

Health behaviour change frequently encounters resistance and Motivational Interviewing deals with this by "rolling with" or understanding the resistance instead of confronting it (F Surmon-Böhr, 2020). Practitioners address and investigate the person's worries or hesitations in an effort to lessen defensiveness and promote openness to change with a collaborative and non-confrontational approach. 

 Self-Efficacy

A key idea in theories of health behaviour is self-efficacy or the conviction that one can change. Motivational Interviewing promotes self-efficacy by highlighting prior accomplishments and encouraging people to express confidence in their ability to change (Bischof et al., 2021). This concept is consistent with the notion that people who have confidence in their ability to succeed are more likely to adopt healthy behaviours. 

Explain the importance of developing a collaborative relationship between the link worker and the client

It is crucial for the link worker and the client to establish a cooperative relationship for a number of reasons especially when it comes to social services and healthcare (Ferguson et al., 2020). In addition, trust, honest communication and shared decision-making are the cornerstones of a collaborative relationship and they all work together to provide the client with more comprehensive and successful support. The collaborative approach respects each client's autonomy and individual needs while acknowledging them as an active participant in their care. A cooperative partnership improves the standard of support and care given (Information et al., 2019). Furthermore, the link worker can obtain important insights into the client's goals, values and preferences through the process of decision-making. This guarantees that interventions are customised to meet the unique needs of the client and fosters a feeling of commitment to the suggested solutions. 

However, client empowerment and engagement are fostered through collaboration. In addition, people are more likely to actively participate in their own care, adhere to recommendations and take action towards improving their social or health circumstances when they feel heard and respected. In order to address problems like managing chronic conditions, adhering to treatment plans, and changing one's lifestyle, empowerment is especially important (Vainauskien? & Vaitkien?, 2021). Working together to address individual circumstances and the distinct social determinants of health leads to better outcomes. Link workers can develop a more thorough grasp of the client's surroundings, social support networks, and potential obstacles to their health or well-being by working together (Bjørlykhaug et al., 2021). This makes it possible to create interventions that are more focused and successful while taking the client's larger environment into account.

Identify the core conditions needed to build trust during the sessions

Building trust with Hasan is essential to fostering an environment that is both supportive and productive in addressing his multifaceted social and health issues. During the sessions, developing trust requires three essential elements could be empathy, authenticity, and unconditional positive regard. Understanding Hasan's particular situation, recognising the many stressors in his life, and exhibiting a sincere comprehension of the challenges he faces all depend on empathy. 

The link worker can create an atmosphere in which Hasan feels heard and understood by demonstrating empathy and communicating a sense of support and validation. Authenticity is also crucial due to Hasan needs to believe that the link worker is genuinely trying to assist him. Furthermore, establishing trust can be facilitated by being open and honest about the link worker's goals, role and the collaborative nature of the support (Terkamo?Moisio et al., 2021). An authentic link worker will probably receive favourable feedback from Hasan due to it is consistent with his cultural values and highlights the value of open communication.

Furthermore, in order for the link worker to comprehend and honour Hasan's cultural and religious beliefs, which are very important to him, they must be culturally competent. Building a relationship with Hasan is facilitated by exhibiting cultural sensitivity and awareness that shows respect for his customs and beliefs. Empathy, authenticity, unconditional positive regard, and cultural competence are the fundamental conditions that the link worker must embodies in order to establish a trustworthy relationship with Hasan. Hence, it is important for Hasan to feel comfortable sharing the many details of his life and to jointly explore strategies to address his health and social challenges has been required in order to foster the comfortable life. 

Explain the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Human behaviour is driven by two different types of motivation: extrinsic and intrinsic. The term "intrinsic motivation" describes the inner forces that drive people to perform a task out of a sense of personal interest, fulfilment, or pleasure (Legault, 2016). Individuals who are intrinsically motivated are not driven by rewards from outside sources, instead being motivated by a genuine interest or passion that brings them joy throughout the process of the activity. on the other hand, Extrinsic motivation is motivated by outside forces like rewards, recognition, or avoiding penalties (Malek et al., 2020). 

People that have been driven by external factors participate in an activity in order to achieve an independent goal, such as monetary gain, recognition, or avoiding unfavourable outcomes. Hence, when there are significant external rewards or consequences, extrinsic motivation can be useful in inducing certain behaviours. However, personal fulfilment and a sincere desire to participate in the activity are the sources of intrinsic motivation that originate from within the person (Durosini et al., 2021). On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is a behaviour driven by the expectation of rewards or consequences and it is triggered by outside factors (Abu Hassan Asaari et al., 2019). Extrinsic motivation for Hasan could originate from outside sources such as his general practitioner's warning about the grave health risks, the possibility of requiring insulin injections and the potential for future development of renal or cardiovascular diseases. 

Give an overview of Motivational Interviewing as a counselling approach 

The goal of motivational interviewing (MI), a client-centred, directed counselling technique, is to engage and support the client's intrinsic motivation in order to effect behavioural change (Lubman et al., 2012). MI was created by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick, and it works especially well for ambivalence about change, which is a common reaction to a variety of behavioural and lifestyle changes (Shenoy et al., 2020). The core tenet of MI is that individuals may resolve their indecisions and move towards positive change by aligning their behaviours more closely with their personal values and aspirations with the support of directives and counselling.

Reflective listening as a means of expressing empathy is a cornerstone of MI (Letellier, 2021). Clients feel understood and valued in this non-confrontational setting. By doing this, MI creates a solid therapeutic relationship, which is essential for counselling to be effective. The creation of discrepancy is another important component that aids clients in realising how their present behaviours do not correspond with their larger life goals (Geldenhuys et al., 2020). Change is frequently sparked by this insight.

MI also entails "rolling with resistance" as an alternative to going head-to-head with it. This method honours the client's viewpoint and makes use of their comments to direct additional conversation and investigation (Geldenhuys et al., 2020) . Furthermore, MI emphasises the need to bolster self-efficacy, which helps clients acknowledge their capacity to start and maintain change.

Discuss the processes and spirit of motivational interviewing when working with behaviour change

Explain the importance of the Spirit of Motivational Interviewing when working with behaviour change 

A key component that greatly affects the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions is the spirit of motivational interviewing. Motivational Interviewing is a collaborative, client-centered method designed to bring forth and enhance a person's inner drive for change (Park et al., 2019). The four main tenets of MI are evocation, acceptance, partnership, and compassion. In order to create a sense of shared responsibility and partnership entails a cooperative and non-confrontational relationship between the practitioner and the client. Acceptance fosters a compassionate, nonjudgmental environment that enables clients to freely discuss their feelings and ideas regarding change. 

Motivational interviewing is evocative in that it helps to uncover and reinforce the person's own reasons for wanting to change (Arbuckle et al., 2020). Understanding Hasan's underlying motivations is essential given his circumstances where his lifestyle choices have an impact on his health. Hence, the link worker can assist Hasan in exploring his goals for a healthier lifestyle and relating them to his morals and obligations to his family. The link worker can tailor their approach to Hasan's particular situation by emulating the Motivational Interviewing spirit. This cooperative, sympathetic, and inspiring attitude is crucial for establishing confidence, creating a non-aggressive atmosphere, and enabling Hasan to discover his own driving force for behaviour modification. It recognises the complexity of Hasan's life values his autonomy and highlights the importance of a partnership in addressing the many facets of health and well-being in the context of his family and cultural dynamics. 

Summarise the four underlying processes of Motivational Interviewing 

The four underlying processes of Motivational Interviewing (MI) are engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning. 

Engaging

The development of a cooperative and sympathetic relationship between the practitioner and the client is emphasised by this process (Moudatsou et al., 2020b). It entails establishing rapport, demonstrating empathy and actively listening in order to foster an atmosphere that is favourable to candid dialogue. In the engaging processing, where the professional and client develop a cooperative and sympathetic relationship. This entails establishing rapport, communicating understanding and actively listening in order to foster a secure environment for candid conversation. 

Focusing

Through focusing more narrowly, it has been perceived that the client and the practitioner collaborate to focus on the behaviour change aspects that are most pertinent and significant.

Evoking

The main goal of the evoking process is to uncover the client's underlying values, motivations and change-related reasons (Güntner et al., 2022). In addition, the practitioner helps the client express their goals and commitment to the process of change by using open-ended questions, reflective listening, and affirmations. 

Planning

In the planning process, the client and the advisor work together to create a specific, tailored action plan. In addition, taking into account the client's strengths, preferences, and potential obstacles and this plan makes sure that behaviour change is realistic and long-lasting. 

Describe the nature of motivation from a motivational interviewing point of view

According to Motivational Interviewing (MI), motivation is a complex and dynamic force that determines a person's willingness to modify their behaviour (Bischof et al., 2021b). According to the MI framework, motivation is viewed as a fluid state that can be shaped and enhanced via communication rather than as a fixed attribute. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are the two main factors that define the motivational landscape of MI.

Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation or intrinsic satisfaction has been highly valued in MI. Furthermore, it is believed that intrinsic motivation is more potent and long-lasting in promoting long-lasting behavioural change. By examining a person's values, goals, and the significant aspects of change that speak to them personally and MI seeks to arouse and strengthen this internal motivation. In addition, motivation is best understood through cooperative discussions that delve into a person's ambivalence, worries, and hopes for change. MI acknowledges that people may feel conflicted about changing their behaviour. The motivational interview helps clients express their own reasons for making positive changes, which helps to overcome this ambivalence.

Extrinsic Motivation

Although extrinsic motivation the influence of outside factors like rewards or consequences on behavior is acknowledged, intrinsic motivation remains the primary driver of MI. While extrinsic motivation may spur people to action at first, MI aims to help them internalise these outside forces and link them to their internal values and objectives for longer-lasting transformation. The nature of motivation in MI entails upholding the client's autonomy, granting them the freedom to share their distinct viewpoints, and creating a nonjudgmental environment in which their motivations can be developed.

Explain the role of ambivalence in motivational interviewing 

Ambivalence is the foundation of motivational interviewing (MI) that plays a crucial role in the technique. In addition, the coexistence of opposing motivations or feelings within a person regarding changing their behaviour is reflected in ambivalence. Ambivalence is viewed in the context of MI as a normal and expected aspect of the change process rather than as a barrier that needs to be overcome. It's critical to identify and deal with ambivalence because people frequently experience conflicting feelings when considering changing their behaviour. MI practitioners and therapists view ambivalence with empathy and curiosity, recognising that it is common to feel conflicted about making changes and resistant to attempting so.

Ambivalence is important because it has the capacity to spur positive change.MI seeks to alleviate ambivalence by assisting people in examining and expressing the reasons behind their current behaviour as well as their consideration of changing it. MI practitioners help clients feel free to express their contradictory emotions without fear of being judged by using open-ended questions, summarising, and reflective listening. By explaining the benefits and drawbacks of changing their behaviour, clients become more aware of their reasons and are able to make better decisions. 

Motivational Interviewing practitioners use ambivalence as a catalyst for change as they view it as a normal component of the motivational process. MI respects and acknowledges each person's autonomy in making decisions, as opposed to going up against resistance. 

Explain when and why motivational interviewing would be an appropriate approach 

A counselling strategy called motivational interviewing is intended to assist individuals in finding the drive to alter their negative behaviour patterns (Swanson and Maltinsky, 2019). This client-centred method works especially well for those who are conflicted about altering their behaviour. Motivational interviewing can be a useful therapeutic option for individuals who struggle to find their inner drive to change. When clients are having trouble overcoming their ambivalence about recovery, it is occasionally used early in the process. Motivational Interviewing is particularly helpful when someone expresses conflicting emotions or reluctance to make a change (F Surmon-Böhr, 2020). It acknowledges that ambivalence is a typical aspect of the process of change and aims to assist the individual in resolving this ambivalence in favour of constructive change. When people are managing chronic illnesses like diabetes or heart disease, MI can be used in healthcare settings (Jyotsna et al., 2023). It assists them in investigating why they are changing their lifestyle, such as upping their physical activity or changing their diet.

As MI acknowledges the significance of intrinsic motivation in promoting behavioural change, it is a fitting application in the field of health behavioural theories. The strategy recognises that long-lasting change frequently originates from within and aims to elicit and strengthen each person's own motivation and commitment to change (Cole et al., 2023). As people are in the contemplative stage, they might be weighing the benefits and drawbacks of changing their behaviour, but they might not have the inner drive or self-assurance to go ahead. Through its compassionate and non-confrontational approach, motivational interviewing strengthens people's commitment by assisting them in exploring and articulating their own reasons for change.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Health Belief Model (HBM) offers a strong framework for comprehending and resolving the various aspects affecting Hasan's health-related behaviours and lifestyle decisions. Create a tailored plan to help him on his path to a healthier lifestyle by taking into account his perceived vulnerability to serious health conditions, the seriousness of potential complications, the advantages of changing his behaviour, the obstacles he faces, cues to action, and his sense of self-efficacy.

The HBM emphasises the significance of personal beliefs and how important they are when making decisions pertaining to health. It emphasises the need for customised interventions that are in line with each person's particular situation and values. In order to overcome obstacles and promote beneficial behaviours, Hasan's example highlights the necessity for a multimodal strategy that incorporates health education, community support, family involvement, and regular follow-up. Maintaining the client's liberty, allowing them to freely express their unique perspectives, and fostering a nonjudgmental atmosphere are all essential components of MI's motivation model.

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