Introduction: Report On Tech-uk Web Development And Corporate Training Centre

Activity 1

Activity 1a

Activity 1a.1

What is DNS and why does DNS use

DNS stands for Domain Name System. It is like an address book for websites, translating domain names that humans can easily remember such as the numerical IP addresses like 192.168.1.1 that computers use to identify web servers on the internet. DNS servers maintain distributed databases that map these domain names to their corresponding IP addresses. When you type a domain name into your web browser, a DNS resolver finds coral group the site's IP address by querying these DNS servers, allowing you to load the correct website (Freund et al. 2020). DNS is essential for locating websites and routing internet traffic to the correct destinations. The distributed nature of DNS provides redundancy and decentralization, making DNS administration scalable across the global internet. Using human-readable domain names instead of numerical IP addresses also makes the internet much easier to navigate.

Activity 1a.2

Types of DNS and use of DNS

There are two main types of DNS - recursive and authoritative. A recursive DNS server does not store DNS records, but caches previous query results and facilitates DNS lookups for local clients and devices. When a recursive server receives a request, it either answers from its cache or forwards the request to other servers. This shields end clients of coral group from interacting directly with authoritative servers (Ross, 2021). Authoritative DNS servers are assigned to store DNS records for a particular domain. They respond to queries about their domains with definitive answers. There are also root DNS servers that form the foundation serving as a reference to direct recursive servers to the appropriate authoritative DNS servers for each domain lookup query they receive.

Activity 1a.3

What is a domain name and describe how domain names are organized and managed

The domain name is a comprehensible location that recognizes a site or server on the Web. For instance, "example.com" is a domain name. Domain names comprise an ordered progression of parts, with the high-level domain name TLD like ".com" toward the end. The levels beneath the TLD are the second-level domain name straightforwardly to one side of the speck, then the third level, etc. A worldwide philanthropic association called Web Partnership for Alloted Names and Numbers arranges and deals with the Domain Name Framework including setting strategies and rules for domain name recorders (Datta Burton et al. 2022). Recorders dole out unambiguous domain names to people and associations on a first-come, first-served reason for yearly charges. This permits the domain name framework to particularly recognize sites while being easy to use.

Activity 1b

Activity 1b.4

Twitter Bootstrap

Twitter Bootstrap is a popular, open-source front-end development framework for designing responsive websites and web apps quickly. It provides pre-built UI components and CSS styles to easily build polished interfaces.

Activity 1b.5

AJAX

AJAX is known as Asynchronous JavaScript and XML is a web development technique used to create asynchronous web apps. It allows content to update without reloading the entire page for a smoother user experience.

Activity 1b.6

Flash

Flash is a browser plug-in for creating animations, games, and rich web applications with graphics, video, and audio within web pages.

Activity 1b.7

JQuery

A popular JavaScript library that simplifies client-side scripting to easily manipulate the DOM, handle events, develop animations, and AJAX functionality.

Activity 1b.8

Node.js

An asynchronous event-driven and open-source JavaScript runtime environment that helps to execute the javascript code allowing server-side scripting for scalable network applications.

Activity 1b.9

ASP.NET

An open-source framework for building web apps and services using .NET languages and libraries, integrated with Visual Studio which helps to build dynamic types websites.

Activity 1b.10

Relationship between HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, MYSQL

HTML helps to provide the basic structure and content of web pages. HTML marks up text semantically, identifying headings, paragraphs, lists, etc. CSS is used to control the style and layout of web pages - colors, fonts, positioning, etc. While HTML is about meaning and structure, CSS handles the presentation. JavaScript adds interactivity, dynamic functionality, and special effects to web pages and interfaces (Payne, 2022). PHP is a server-side scripting language that can generate dynamic HTML content, interacting with databases and servers before sending the final HTML to the client of coral group. MySQL is a relational database management system that stores website data. PHP commonly integrates with MySQL to build dynamic, database-backed websites and applications. Together they form the fundamental building blocks of website frontends and back ends.

Activity 1b.11

Front-end and back-end website technologies relate to the application layer and presentation layer

The presentation layer deals with the user interface and presentation of data, corresponding to front-end website technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript that run in the client's web browser. These presentation layer front-end technologies determine how information is visually formatted and displayed to the user. The application layer handles logical data processing and application functionality, relating to back-end technologies like PHP, Python, Ruby, Java, and .NET running on web application servers (Doghonadze et al. 2020). They enable dynamic generation of webpage content from databases and server-side processing of site functions and user requests defined in the presentation layer.

Activity 1C

JavaScript frameworks have recently gained immense popularity for interactive front-end design. For example, React pioneered a component-based architecture facilitating UI code reuse and smooth rendering through a virtual DOM. Meanwhile, Angular is a TypeScript-based framework optimized for complex, data-driven sites with dynamic features powered by its two-way data binding (Pakes and Pitts, 2023). Vue offers a lightweight approach blending an intuitive HTML-based template syntax with flexible component composition. All three support rapid declarative UI building with excellent performance, state management, and cross-platform support.

React arguably leads for its vast ecosystem while Angular excels at enterprise scale. Vue strikes a balance of approachability and customizability. On the back end, frameworks like Django Python and Ruby on Rails streamline the development process. They include high-level abstractions handling tedious boilerplate coding for database interactions, server configuration, routing logic, authentication, etc. This scaffolding and convention over configuration philosophy enable quick and standardized buildouts (Treanor, 2022). Django is appreciated for scalability while Rails favors rapid prototyping. In terms of website functionality, these technologies have enabled dynamic client-server interactions.

HTML5 and CSS3 have expanded possibilities with animations, media queries, and visual effects tailored to every device. CSS frameworks like Bootstrap, backed by JavaScript plugins, supply off-the-shelf responsive layout grids and UI components to accelerate multi-platform development (Hughes and Hodgkinson, 2021). For management, JavaScript modules, dependency managers like NPM, and version control systems aid the organization of website codebases and asset pipelines as complexity increases. MVC architectures enforce the separation of concerns between presentation, server logic, and data layers while web frameworks automate crucial website infrastructure. In summary, modern web development technologies empower developers to build highly interactive and scalable cross-device websites, with turnkey tools that speed up the entire development lifecycle. They shape the form and functionality that defines the modern web experience through resonating design patterns and best practices.

Activity 2

Activity 2a

Figure 1: poster

(Source: Self-created in power point)

Activity 2b

Core ranking factors include technical website performance, content quality, keyword usage optimization and authority metrics like backlinks. All these influence a site's index value in search engine crawlers, used to rank pages for relevance to user queries. For a website like Deegaankeena dedicated to Somali environmentalism, effective SEO is vital for spreading its message and call to action (Conley et al. 2019). This analysis will examine key performance factors in on-page and off-page SEO, particularly for an informational site, and quantify the impact on search ranking using correlation data between index value and rank. Through technical performance gains, high-quality content focuses around strategic keywords and off-page visibility efforts, Deegaankeena can tremendously boost search-indexed value to achieve higher-ranking placements and substantial traffic growth. A cycle emerges where greater visibility and backlinks improve rank, leading to more visitors and greater recognition, amplifying organic reach further. By understanding and optimally leveraging these interlinked SEO techniques, Deegaankeena can rapidly expand its educational impact and environmentalist community centered on preserving Somalia's natural wonders for generations to come.

On-Page Factors

On-page refers to website elements that developers and content creators directly control. The foremost is site speed, as pages with the fastest load times tend to achieve the highest ranks. Pages loading in under 2 seconds had double the organic search traffic of those over 7 seconds. Google has also made page speed a ranking factor (Woodin, 2021). By optimizing image file sizes, enabling browser caching, minimizing redirects, and implementing other web performance best practices, Deegaankeena can significantly boost organic search traffic. Relevant, high-quality content is equally important for both users and crawlers. Search engines analyze page content including keyword usage to evaluate topical relevance. Deegaankeena should focus content around core topics like Somalian wildlife conservation efforts in protected areas like Girnar mountain range and Blackbuck National Park which searchers are likely querying. Content should also employ best practices like effective headings utilization, adequate keyword density of around 3-5%, and presenting information in easily scanned formats, to improve both user experience and SEO (Dahlgren et al. 2021). Technical optimizations like quality site architecture using a responsive sitemap, metadata tags for page descriptions, and Schema.org markup for rich snippets also enhance indexation and clicks from search listings. Mobilization is mandatory as Google flags non-mobile-friendly sites. Together, strong on-page SEO builds relevant visibility and traffic. Deegaankeena is to advance environmental protection and sustainability across Somalia through a multifaceted approach. The website engages in policy advocacy, encouraging the government to establish and strengthen environmental regulations that ensure the preservation of our land, air, water, and critical ecosystems. This includes developing sustainable frameworks for land use planning, wildlife conservation, waste management, and pollution control. Conservation and restoration initiatives to identify and safeguard vital forest habitats, wetlands, marine ecosystems, and wildlife sanctuaries from threats like deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change impacts. Our volunteers implement practical rehabilitation measures to promote the health of degraded ecosystems over the long run. Through public outreach, showcase the tangible benefits traditional conservation practices offer for both communities and ecological stability. Also, aid locals in adopting alternative sustainable livelihoods harmonious with conservation goals.

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Off-Page Factors

Off-page factors consider wider visibility and perceived importance of a website through external signals to search engines. The most valued are high-quality backlinks from related sites to specific pages which indicate authority on those topics. An environmental site could garner backlinks from educational blogs by contributing guest articles to them. Government ecosystem sites may also link for references on conservation efforts (Malaysia, 2021). Backlink anchor text matters too; anchors using highly relevant keywords flag relevance to crawlers. Social signals also increasingly impact SEO. Deegaankeena can leverage platforms like Twitter and Instagram to increase awareness of Somali ecological initiatives and campaigns. Social media builds brand visibility and recognition which transfer through to search, as search engines connect metrics on external engagement with relevance.

Activity 3

Activity 3a

A custom-built website is one that is designed and hand-coded from scratch specifically for a business or client based on their unique requirements and brand identity, rather than using pre-made templates. Web developers directly write the HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and backend code powering the entire website experience. This allows complete creative freedom over things like site functionality, interactions, animations, layouts, and styles to achieve business goals. As it is fully tailored rather than configured from off-the-shelf templates, a custom site offers flexibility to realize truly bespoke designs, features, and performance optimizations not possible within the constraints of website builders.

Online website creation tools provide intuitive drag-and-drop platforms that empower people to easily create entire websites through premade templates without needing to manually code. They supply selections of professionally designed website templates across categories like business, portfolio, blog, and e-commerce sites (Strengers et al. 2022). Users can customize colors, fonts, content blocks, and layouts to quickly build a website through configuration instead of programming. Underlying content management systems facilitate easy edits after launch. Leading examples include Wix, Squarespace, Weebly, and WordPress. While offering convenience over custom development, flexibility is constrained to available settings, and functionality is limited compared to custom-coded sites.

Design Flexibility

Online builders offer hundreds of professional templates across categories like ecommerce, portfolios, and blogs. Users can tweak colors, fonts, images, and layouts through intuitive editors without manual code changes. However, customization is limited to available configuration options and blocks; developers cannot modify base template structures. This hinders realizing unique designs aligning with brand identities (Zhou et al. 2022). Custom builds allow endless structural and styling flexibility through direct HTML and CSS coding. Developers craft and animate completely customized layouts, element interactions, and style guides matching specific functional objectives. While premade templates accelerate launch with decent baseline responsive design, custom builds better realize distinctive experiences like immersive storytelling websites aligning to complex brand strategies. Amateurs lacking web design expertise often benefit more from convenient templates for a polished look.

Performance

Page load speed is vital for engagement and SEO. Custom sites optimized through code minimization, browser caching, lazy loading, and other best practices achieve faster load times. Templates may suffer bloated code dragging down performance. Developers also customize hosting stacks and databases for performance gains (Pöschl, 2022). However, builders are catching up through underlying infrastructure improvements. So for peak efficiency, custom builds edge out, but templates remain adequate for typical business usage if caching and CDNs are leveraged.

Functionality

Online builders provide simplified content management systems and hundreds of integrated apps covering needs like analytics, forms, galleries, and e-commerce. However, app functionality may be basic compared to custom alternatives while limits exist on customization and extensibility. Custom developers directly code required features tailored to the website goals without restrictions, ranging from custom e-commerce shops to intricate web apps. Specialized functionality like AI integrations is only feasible through advanced custom coding. So for unique or technically complex projects, custom-build flexibility remains ideal over template limitations.

UX/UI

This is the Deegaankeena interface and here also contains the sign-up page which contains the name, Email, and password. Template UIs offer polished, mobile-friendly navigation menus, calls-to-action, and layouts for strong first impressions assuming brand consistency with stock elements (Hui et al. 2020). However, custom sites allow UI tailoring to guide users to desired behaviors through strategically designed interfaces as per usability testing insights, personalized interactive flourishes, and animation that aid comprehension or storytelling - unavailable in template systems. Custom backend code also facilitates complex logic and transitions that enhance UX. Though modern templates have well-researched information architecture and interactions out of the box for most use cases, experimental or ambitious UX remains better served through custom development integrating bespoke UI and advanced interactivity.

Activity 3b

Custom website development encompasses a vast array of technical approaches, architectural patterns, and component choices. Developers must balance factors like performance, scalability, flexibility, and time-to-market in selecting optimal stacks fitting project parameters. The exploding Jamstack model offers a compelling modern paradigm (Mason et al. 2022). This analysis examines the strengths and weaknesses of leading website creation methods before presenting why a Jamstack blend of React with GatsbyJS and headless CMS backends delivers an ideal balance of agility and capability for stellar custom sites.

Traditional Monolithic CMS-based Builds

Tools like WordPress and Drupal have long dominated the content management systems market. Their unified platforms simplify creating content-heavy websites. However, page rendering and business logic processing all occur server-side. This results in unused code sent per page load, slowing websites. Complex logic also limits scaling on traffic spikes. Further dragging down speed are clunky CMS requirements like databases and runtimes which increase attack surfaces. Frequent plugin-related vulnerabilities exemplify security issues.

MERN and MEAN Stack-Based Sites

JavaScript-focused stacks like MERN (MongoDB, ExpressJS, React, and Node) and MEAN (MongoDB, ExpressJS, Angular, Node) allow versatile full-stack JS web development. React and Angular facilitate interactive UIs while Node.js offers robust server-side logic processing. MongoDB supplies flexible NoSQL data storage. However, significant DevOps oversight around infrastructure, scaling, and security is required which adds overhead. Deployment and hosting also necessitate separate backends. While capable of dynamic, data-driven sites, the complexity can be prohibitive over simpler approaches for less complex needs.

Jamstack Websites

Jamstack architecture decouples the front and back end entirely. Static site generators like GatsbyJS build blazing fast websites prerendering paginated markup ready to serve. CDNs then distribute content minimizing server load. Any dynamic functionality taps “serverless” AWS Lambda functions and APIs.

Argument for React + GatsbyJS + Headless CMS Jamstack Solution

The astounding rise of React-based Jamstack solutions makes a strong case for the approach. React’s declarative component model with efficient DOM reconciliation has revolutionized UIs through simplified dynamic interfaces. GatsbyJS then builds on this with an incredibly robust static site generation framework that precomputes React-based pages at build time for effortless deployment across platforms and CDNs (Singh et al. 2019). This frontend foundation unlocks immense speed, scalability, and security unmatched by traditional CMS. Gatsby offers out-of-box support for functionality like advanced image processing, caching, internationalization, and SEO enhancement driving immense ROI.

Activity 4

The Jamstack solution outlined, leveraging React, GatsbyJS, and a headless CMS, provides an optimal balance of capabilities to deliver a high-performing and scalable custom website. React's component-based approach streamlines building interactive user interfaces, while GatsbyJS supercharges development through its robust static site generation capabilities, unlocking immense speeds and effortless deployment (Groff, 2020). Together, they simplify development allowing focus exclusively on high-value frontend logic and UI enhancement. The additions of serverless functions and headless CMS integrations supply dynamic capabilities on par with traditional CMSs, while eliminating complex infrastructure, databases, and attack surfaces dragging down legacy solutions. This modern blend caters perfectly to ambitious custom websites prioritizing speed, security, scalability, and developer experience. The analysis rightly highlights why React and Gatsby have exploded in popularity for Jamstack solutions, establishing a compelling case for the approach as an incredibly effective combination of tools and techniques for realizing a broad range of custom digital products.

Activity 5

Activity 5a

Solutions proposed include sustainable land management practices, investing in renewables, reforestation, efficient water management, disaster preparedness, and improving waste management. There is an urgent need for action to build resilience through strategies like climate-smart agriculture, flood control, coastal protection, and biodiversity conservation (Singh and Peers, 2019). The website documents outline plans for an environmental organization, Deegaankeena, focused on conservation through policy advocacy, ecosystem restoration, community engagement, climate activism, monitoring, and education. There is a fundraising event announcement for an art gallery supporting reforestation efforts. The objectives are raising awareness of Somali art/culture and generating funds to combat desertification threats facing communities.

UI interface of the website

Figure 2: (Source: Notepad++)

This is the Deegaankeena interface and here also contains the sign-up page which contains the name, Email, and password.

Activity 5b

Figure 3: Home page code

(Source: Notepad++)

The home page contains environmental matter for the Deegaankeena website and the background color is used here for making the interface and the navbar margin right and left is used. The CSS styles a header with a black background displays a logo image on the left and navigation links on the right with bold beige text, sets the text and background to beige across the site, removes default margins and styling, and utilizes flexbox for alignment and responsive layout. Key properties include background color, color, padding, display, justify-content, and text decoration.

Figure 4: Overview page code

(Source: Notepad++)

In the overview page are navbar is done for the heading 1 overview is added and in the code, in which a div class of article is added and Mountain View is added as a jpg in the image section.

Figure 5: History page code

(Source: Notepad++)

The history page, there have been using a video to show the map in the style portion and the class container and some about are added and font family Arial and sans-serif is used.

Activity 5C

Overall, the implemented website aligns well with the proposed interface designs and wireframes. The home page contains the key elements laid out in the wireframe such as the logo, main image slider, and featured content sections (Zou, 2022). The use of white space, clean fonts, and emphasis on imagery creates an engaging landing page.

Figure 6: Overview page

(Source: Notepad++)

The interior pages like "Overview" and "Take Action" also showcase the general content organization and layouts envisioned in the wireframes. Certain additional design flourishes like the rotating social media icons make the site feel more dynamic. For a small-scale site, the developed information architecture covering organizational history, mission, news, and events meets expectations (Troullinou et al. 2021). One area that could be expanded further per the wireframes is the image gallery and resources related to community initiatives and environmental conservation projects. But generally speaking, the final implemented site reflects the structural composition and stylistic direction set out in the initial wireframes and interface mockups.

Activity 5d

The main technical hurdle was getting the CSS flexbox styling correct to properly align elements and make the site responsive across device sizes. Ensuring cross-browser compatibility and testing on multiple devices was also time-consuming. Building out the grid-based layouts in the interior pages while maintaining visual consistency with the home page theme also posed some initial challenges (Hayes, 2021). On the coding side, wrestling with page templates, header/footer includes, link paths, and formatting content from the provided text copy into HTML was tricky at times. However, with patience and continually tweaking styles and layouts, the final product seems to accurately embody the core structure and aesthetic of the mockup designs. Applying some JavaScript for interactive elements could have brought additional complications. But the focus on core HTML/CSS fundamentals helped mitigate truly major technical impediments.

Activity 6

Activity 6a

Figure 7: Test plan devising

(Source: Self-created in MS Excel)

Activity 6b

The completed website aligns well with the client-approved design specifications related to layout, imagery, and intended functionality. Based on testing, the site is easy to navigate and intuitive for users to accomplish key tasks evidence of good usability. Site performance testing shows average load times to optimize images and cache critical assets. The site scored well on utility and then performance assessments for mobile friendliness, accessibility, SEO, and best practices. Security testing revealed no major vulnerabilities, the login system is robust, and user data transmission is encrypted (Habig et al. 2020). The client used the site in beta and provided positive feedback: The user flow and interactions make sense. It was fast and could find things easily and quickly.

Figure 8: History page working

(Source: Notepad++)

Further refinements are recommended, like enabling lazy loading for below-the-fold images to improve load times. Monitoring site traffic can reveal common user paths to optimize. As new features roll out, usability testing with target users should continue to catch issues. Schedule quarterly scans by a security firm to get ahead of emerging threats. Overall the site meets core goals and provides a strong, testable foundation for ongoing improvements. Prioritize JavaScript review to address dated browser issues. Expand test devices and scenarios to catch more inconsistencies. Implement ongoing automated accessibility/usability scans to surface problems sooner. Shift more QA testing left in the dev cycle to enable fixes pre-launch. More user testing will strengthen multi-platform quality and help meet usage goals.

Activity 6c

Multiple test cases such as W3C validation, Cross-browser compatibility, links/images testing, and security checks passed successfully per the test plan specifications. However, 3 medium priority cases failed the Firefox layout had minor styling inconsistencies, 2 JavaScript functions in older Chrome versions malfunctioned, and an edge case form validation check didn't catch bad inputs. While no critical issues emerged, these faults impact site consistency across contexts. With complex interfaces, further user testing may uncover UX flaws. Strong encryption, fast load times, and resilient servers bolster security and performance.

Figure 9: Take action page working

(Source: Notepad++)

Prioritize JavaScript review to fix dated browser bugs. Expand test devices and emulate more real-world scenarios to catch visual/functional quirks. Implement automated accessibility/usability scans to surface problems early. Conduct each sprint's QA testing earlier to allow refinements pre-launch. Allocate resources to ongoing user experience testing cycles with target demographics. Addressing these areas will improve cross-platform quality and help meet usage goals. Multiple compatibility, validation, security, and functionality test cases passed successfully per the test plan. However, minor layout inconsistencies in Firefox, some JavaScript failures in older Chrome, and one edge case form validation check failing represent medium-priority bugs. While no critical issues, they impact site consistency. More user testing may uncover UX flaws. Fast load times and encryption bolster performance and security.

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