Global Public Health Assignment Sample

Introduction Of Global Public Health Reassessment Brief

Global Health is a phrase that achieves better health results for all vulnerable communities and populations around the world. Individuals who have practised or studied global health practices for eliminating health disparities with no resource materials around the global world through education and research. The study is developed based on cancer information and it is considered as a global public health issue that is faced by both India as well as the UK. The SWOT framework has been developed based on those two countries regarding the impact of Cancer and causes of Cancer. After completing the SWOT, those have been analysed properly to get adequate information.

Demonstration of key concepts, principles, and theories of Global Public Health

Global Health has emphasized transnational health problems solutions and determinants beyond and weeding Health sciences and promoted in the dictionary cooperation it has also synthesized population dependent with the help of patient-centric clinical care. According to the statement of Xie et al., (2020), it has been found that there are three different types of principles present which are related to global public health. Embracing community engagement and cultural humility, using the health equality of the global public that lens the consideration of health inequities and systematic social inequities and using general language which is relevant to the culture (Cdc, 2023). Based on the SWOT analysis of the UK, it has been observed that the government of the UK is providing several kinds of opportunities to treat cancer and it includes “Support and Employment Allowance”, “Disability Living Allowance” etc (Macmillan.org.uk, 2023). The Government of the UK has also implemented some principles for cancer patients that they have that right for receiving treatment and care which is accurate for them and meets their needs. It is also reflecting their preferences thus, it supports those patients who were suffering from cancer to lead a normal lifestyle and overcome from this chronic health issue (Macmillan, 2023). On the other hand, according to the “NHS long-term plan”, it in aims to save more lives in every year through dramatically enhancing how they treat and diagnose cancer (Longtermplan, 2023). By the year of 2028 around 55000 individuals in every year will survive for nearly 5 years or more than that while doing cancer diagnosis.

The “Theory of Planned Behaviour” and the “Social Theory of Global Health” have been considered as major theories which are effective for an individual to maintain a proper lifestyle and socialize in their community. Based on the “Theory of Planned Behaviour”, individuals are able to control themselves by linking beliefs to their behaviour (Sok et al., 2021). On the other hand, the “Social Theory of Global Health” has stated all the unintended consequences of taking purposive actions. As opined by Yam et al., (2021), the social theory of global health has held all social interventions that have several kinds of unintended consequences and some of which are prevented or foreseen and those behaviours may not be predicted. Hence, all theories are effective in terms of improving an individuals lifestyle and health in the future.

Critically analysis of issues in contemporary Global Public Health

Cancer is a cause of quarter of death in typical year in England. In the year of 2021 around 134802 individuals died due to cancer in England and also the death number has maximized by around 6% from 2001 (Parliament, 2023). In spite of that, after accounting for the fact that the population of England is ageing as well as growing, the cancer death rate has fallen. On average an individual has been diagnosed with cancer every 90 seconds in the United Kingdom has increased by 39% since 2002 and 19% only in last decade (Macmillan, 2023). Smoking is the major cause of suffering from Cancer in the United Kingdom. According to the statement of Krist et al., (2021), Smoking causes cancer and it has affected 15 individuals among 100. On that note, around 72% of individuals are suffering from lung cancer due to smoking and giving up consumption is a crucial thing that may do for an individual's health (Macmillan, 2023). On the other hand, alcohol consumption, physical weight, not maintaining a proper diet and tobacco consumption has been considered as major causes of an individual suffering from cancer in India (Narayanahealth, 2023). Therefore, in India, some individuals are suffering from cancer not only for consumption but also unable to maintain a proper diet. Both countries have advanced medication systems for the prevention of cancer that possess high pricing. It has been observed that it can be affordable by the UK individuals whereas these medications can only be affordable by the high-income class Indians.

Obesity and being overweight are major causes of cancer after smoking in the UK. It can affect 1 individual among 20 and between 6 to 7 adults are suffering from cancer among them in the UK. Moreover, Obese individuals and overweight people are suffering from cancer, which is approximately 34.4 million in the United Kingdom (Cancerresearchuk, 2023). Apart from that, tobacco is a responsible factor for around 25% to 40% of cancers and diet for 10% to 70% of cancers in India. In this country, dietary habits can be responsible for an individual suffering from cancer (Mohfw, 2023). All those dietary factors are enhancing major roles and other risk forces and most cancer incidences have a strong relationship with diet. According to the statement of Teissedre et al., (2020), it has been observed that predominant among those factors are cancers of the upper aero of the digestive tract such as throat, lungs, oesophagus, and mouth, stomach breast cancer and large intestine among women. The Government of India has incorporated several kinds of policies to provide treatment and care to cancer patients. On the other hand, the Government of the UK has provided several kinds of treatment benefits to those individuals who are suffering from cancer. It has been observed from SWOT Analysis that UK has discovered drugs for treating cancer without any radiotherapies but the Indian lack in having effective drugs for cancer treatment due to being a low-income country.

The biggest opportunity of the UK is providing cancer treatment and medicines for drug discovery to treat cancer without any kind of radiation. Based on the perspective of Hall et al., (2021), it has been observed that a successful institution in the UK is discovering some ways to treat cancer patients for enhancing their Quality of Life. Moreover, it can also be observed that this country is progressing through the radiotherapy trials pathway that has a significant impact on transforming the entire clinical practice. On the other hand, India is going to the latest treatment for cancer which is known as CyberKnife Surgery. As per the words of Mahajan et al., (2020), it can be stated that the “Health Minister's Cancer Patient Fund or HMCPF within the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi orRAN” is helping to provide financial support to those patients who are living below the poverty line and affecting from chronic health issues, especially Cancer. This financial support has been provided to 27 Regional Cancer Centres in India. It has been analysed that the Indian Government possess certain policies and funds for the treatment of cancer whereas the UK Government lacks formation of policies for treating cancer.

Revolving funds are created in those centres and funds of around 50 lakh rupees would be positioned at their removal. The financial support to the cancer patients is roughly 2 lakh rupees and has been processed by hospitals that are concerned through revolve funds positioned at their removal (Myscheme, 2023). On that note, it is a scheme for providing financial support to those poor patients who required treatment for cancer. Lack of financial support, understanding and lack of time are considered as major weaknesses of the Indian Government for treating cancer. Whereas, advanced treatment procedures have been expected for reaching around 4000 individuals among thousands in the year 2030 (Razavi-Shearer et al., 2023). Hence, it can be stated that Cancer has affected most of the individuals in both the UK and India.

Evaluation of Global Public Health-related Information

Cancer is a chronic disease by which all abnormal cells are divided in an uncontrolled way and some cancers could eventually spread to other tissues. As depicted by Sawicki et al., (2021), cancer is a disease it is not only inherited but also sometimes different rest factors are responsible which are strongly influenced by genes. In the UK obesity and overweight are the major risk factors by which some individuals are suffering from cancer. On the other hand, as opined by Yasmin et al., (2021), excessive physical weight, alcohol consumption in proper diet and tobacco consumption are responsible for suffering from cancer. In India, these factors are observed mostly by which some Indians are suffering from this chronic disease. Apart from that, according to the “Indian Council of Medical Research National Cancer Registry Program”, cancer cases have been projected to around from 14.6 lakh in the year 2022 to 15.7 lakh by the year of 2025 and the Indian government has informed parliament in the year 23 (Thehindu, 2023). Hence, it has been evaluated that Cancer is a chronic health issue that needs sufficient financial support and a change in lifestyle to overcome this health issue.

In India, to control and prevent chronic diseases such as diabetes stroke cardiovascular disease, especially cancer, the Indian government implemented the “National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke” in the year of 2010. The main focus of this service is to strengthen human resources, treatment, management, infrastructure and health promotion. According to the statement of Sankaranarayananet al., (2019), the Cancer prevention agencies in India are working with the government for ensuring that all policies tackle the risk factors responsible for cancer which includes diet, sun awareness obesity and alcohol consumption. The “National Cancer Prevention Policy” has made some recommendations due to National action by both non-government as well as government organisations which includes strategies and programs for reducing the incidence of cancer in India (Uicc, 2023). On the other hand, in the UK, the government has implemented a “Tobacco Control Policy” that reduces the rate of tobacco consumption among UK individuals. Due to excessive smoking excessively, the government of the UK has implemented this policy and excessive tobacco consumption is the main cause of suffering from Cancer (Tobaccocontrollaws, 2023). All those policies are effective in order to prevent cancer among adult individuals in the UK and India.

The “National Tobacco Control Programme” has been implemented in India and this country has become a party for this framework convention (Gov, 2023). The Government of India has implemented this program in order to provide good habits to all individuals by reducing the consumption of tobacco. According to the statement of Mao et al., (2022), it has been observed that the Indian Government has implemented several kinds of treatment procedures and medications in terms of improving patients health status. In addition to that, those treatments are effective in reducing the death rate of cancer in India. On the other hand, as opined by Bhatt et al., (2023), the Government of the UK has implemented a “Tobacco Control Program” and it is beneficial for delivering tailored for preventing tobacco addiction. In addition to that, this program is effective in reducing obesity and excessive alcohol consumption by providing proper treatment. As a result, all those individuals are able to overcome all risks associated with diseases and ill health issues like cancer. Along with that, stroke, mental illness, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases are major illnesses suffered by individuals along with cancer in the United Kingdom.

The above discussion has demonstrated that providing proper interventions and treatments is accurate and effective for treating and preventing cancer in the United Kingdom and India. Moreover, the development of SWOT analysis is accurate in terms of gathering information based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the UK and India. After that, accumulating all that information is accurate for preventing cancer in India and the UK.

Conclusion

This study has concluded that Cancer is a chronic health issue which is not only affecting particular individuals but also all family members who are getting worried about this. A huge amount of financial support and changing lifestyle are effective for providing proper treatment and medication for preventing Cancer. Both in the United Kingdom and India, the affected rate of Cancer is high and tobacco consumption is the responsible factor by which most individuals are suffering from Cancer. Henceforth, it can be concluded that providing financial support and treatment procedures is effective for both the UK and Indian individuals to overcome Cancer by receiving proper medication and treatment.

References

Journals

• Bhatt, G., Goel, S., Kira, T., Grover, S., Medhi, B., Singh, G. and Singh Gill, S., 2023. Estimating the Cost of Delivering Tobacco Cessation Intervention Package at Non-Communicable Disease Clinics in Two Districts of North India. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, p.ntad105.
• Hall, P.S., Swinson, D., Cairns, D.A., Waters, J.S., Petty, R., Allmark, C., Ruddock, S., Falk, S., Wadsley, J., Roy, R. and Tillett, T., 2021. Efficacy of reduced-intensity chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and capecitabine on quality of life and cancer control among older and frail patients with advanced gastroesophageal cancer: the GO2 phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA oncology, 7(6), pp.869-877.
• Krist, A.H., Davidson, K.W., Mangione, C.M., Barry, M.J., Cabana, M., Caughey, A.B., Davis, E.M., Donahue, K.E., Doubeni, C.A., Kubik, M. and Landefeld, C.S., 2021. Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Jama, 325(10), pp.962-970.
• Mahajan, P., Kalkal, J., Pandey, N., Rai, A. and Koushal, V.K., 2020. How Financial Assistance Schemes Help Poor Patients to Manage Their Healthcare Expenditure: An Experience from a Premier Tertiary Care Institute of North India.
• Mao, J.J., Pillai, G.G., Andrade, C.J., Ligibel, J.A., Basu, P., Cohen, L., Khan, I.A., Mustian, K.M., Puthiyedath, R., Dhiman, K.S. and Lao, L., 2022. Integrative oncology: Addressing the global challenges of cancer prevention and treatment. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 72(2), pp.144-164.
• Razavi-Shearer, D., Gamkrelidze, I., Pan, C., Jia, J., Berg, T., Gray, R., Lim, Y.S., Chen, C.J., Ocama, P., Mekonnen, H. and Abbas, Z., 2023. Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology.
• Sankaranarayanan, R., Basu, P., Kaur, P., Bhaskar, R., Singh, G.B., Denzongpa, P., Grover, R.K., Sebastian, P., Saikia, T., Oswal, K. and Kanodia, R., 2019. Current status of human papillomavirus vaccination in India's cervical cancer prevention efforts. The lancet oncology, 20(11), pp.e637-e644.
• Sawicki, T., Ruszkowska, M., Danielewicz, A., Nied?wiedzka, E., Ar?ukowicz, T. and Przyby?owicz, K.E., 2021. A review of colorectal cancer in terms of epidemiology, risk factors, development, symptoms and diagnosis. Cancers, 13(9), p.2025.
• Sok, J., Borges, J.R., Schmidt, P. and Ajzen, I., 2021. Farmer behaviour as reasoned action: a critical review of research with the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 72(2), pp.388-412.
• Teissedre, P.L., Rasines-Perea, Z., Ruf, J.C., Stockley, C., Antoce, A.O., Romano, R., Fradera, U. and Kosti, R.I., 2020. Effects of alcohol consumption in general, and wine in particular, on the risk of cancer development: a review. Oeno One, 54(4), pp.813-832.
• Xie, B., He, D., Mercer, T., Wang, Y., Wu, D., Fleischmann, K.R., Zhang, Y., Yoder, L.H., Stephens, K.K., Mackert, M. and Lee, M.K., 2020. Global health crises are also information crises: A call to action. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 71(12), pp.1419-1423.
• Yam, E.A., Silva, M., Ranganathan, M., White, J., Hope, T.M. and Ford, C.L., 2021. Time to take critical race theory seriously: moving beyond a colour-blind gender lens in global health. The Lancet Global Health, 9(4), pp.e389-e390.
• Yasmin, I., Khan, W.A., Naz, S., Iqbal, M.W., Awuchi, C.G., Egbuna, C., Hassan, S., Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K.C. and Uche, C.Z., 2021. Etiology of obesity, cancer, and diabetes. Dietary Phytochemicals: A Source of Novel Bioactive Compounds for the Treatment of Obesity, Cancer and Diabetes, pp.1-27.

Websites

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