Principles of Neuroscience: Cranial Nerve Testing Assignment Sample

Cranial Nerve Assessment: Methods and Observations

1. Testing of Olfactory Nerve

The test of the olfactory nerve is observed by using the three items, which are mint, cloves, and vanilla in the 15 participants. This test shows that the perception of the scent test to find out the capacity for variation of the smell of the different substances. The process of the olfactory nerve test can be regulated by different factors, which include the characteristics, acquaintance with the environment, and inheritance. The differences in the distance of the participants can be observed for each substance; the participants' D.B. and A.L. present the results of the greater distance for each of the substances, which can suggest a potential increased sensitivity to the smells. The other participants which are J.S. and M.A., display a short distance which suggests their lesser sensitivity. This data observation is observed based on the difference of the gender, which helps to understand the sensitivity between the female and the male.

This result of testing establishes the fact that the changes in observation can be varied on the gender for the different hormonal effects. The characteristics of the smell can also be reflected by following some patterns that suggest that the aroma of the vanilla can always be easily recognizable. For having the complex nature of the olfactory the cloves and the mint required a longer distance to recognize correctly (Whitcroft, and Hummel, 2019). This is an exception for only one participant, J.W., who shows a larger distance for all the substances so this can be the problem of the sensory of the participant.

Figure 1: The t-test of the olfactory nerve test

This t-test is conducted to identify the mean distance between the two substances which are mint and vanilla performed in the 15 respondents. These observations represent that there is a significant difference in these using the mint substance which possesses the mean which is extensively higher than the vanilla substance which results the 61.73 millimeters. These results give a significant distinction of p-value which is less than 0.00001. A negative Pearson correlation (-0.084) is indicated by the weak inverse link (Almubarak et al. 2020). So this statistical analysis implies that the finding of the sample's sense of smell distances between Vanilla and Mint vary significantly in this observation.

2. Testing of Optic Nerve

Visualization of the color

The common instrument of recognizing the color and evaluating the vision of the color can be observed by the Ishihara plate. The plate has a pattern that can be made up of the sized dots which are of various colors. People who have normal color vision can see the pattern which is in the number of embedded patterns in the plate. However, those people who have color impairments could identify it as difficult to figure out (Garip-Kuebler et al. 2020). The variety of reactions from the participants can be identified by recording the results. The irregularities level of color blindness which includes some color red and green blindness can be found. For better understanding, the variation is essential for customizing the medication that they require.

Analysis of the optical fields by confrontational

The stimuli can be introduced in each of the four quadrants of the field of the visual. This confrontation test can possess the peripheral vision. The procedure of the testing can identify abnormalities of the visual impairment which is caused by glaucoma and other neurological problems. The participants show a variety of responses in the peripheral vision which can also be identified in this test. Some participants responded consistently while others presented the asymmetry result of the visual those who have faced the trouble of observing the pattern. This variation indicates the various features of the visual field that require proper medication for improvement.

Visual accuracy

The visual accuracy of the participants can be acquired by the Snellen charts. This chart can quantify the sharpness of the main vision of any person. The differences in the visual accuracy are different in the various participants. The refractive abnormalities can be observed by the variations of the 20/20 vision. Which include nearsightedness or farsightedness. The variation of the observation of the participants might require specific treatments for the recovery the problem.

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3. Testing of Oculomotor, Abducens, and Trochlear

Identification of proper muscle

The development of this specific examination which is done in this section contains the identification of the cranial nerve of a human being (Martín Calvo et al. 2023). This specific nerve connects the eyes with the brain of a human being. This specific examination includes placing the index finger of the examiner at different points in front of the patient who is being tested in this examination. The examiner placed his or her index finger in front of the patient and the patient had to follow the index finger of the examiner properly.

Relevance of the test results

In this specific test, a physician tests the proper activeness of the cranial nerves which connect the eyes with the human brain. These particular nerve muscles play an effective role in the management of the movements of human eyes. With the help of this particular test, the physician wanted to identify if any types of dysfunctions were present in these cranial nerve muscles or not. If a person faces problems and issues with the proper following of the examiner's index finger like some kind of pain or uncomfortable feelings in their eyes it produces conclusive evidence that the person has problems with the cranial nerve. Also, this particular testing process helps in the management of a wide variety of other optical nerve tests that are associated with these specific ocular nerves of a human being.

4. Testing of the Trigeminal Nerve

The sensory components of the tactile and the pinprick sensation

The trigeminal nerve's sensory test can evaluate the puncture and the sensations of the touch on the facial nerve (Calvo et al. 2023). Every part of the trigeminal nerve's system has three divisions which are tested autonomously on each part of the face when the eyes of the participants are closed. The group of participants who are actively participating can show the response according to their differences in the observations. The sensation can be detected from the pain, touch, face, and the functions of the senses of the trigeminal nerve. The difference of the response can differ from man to man which indicates the inappropriate process of the sensory of the nerve branches.

Motor component

The motor component of this test can be achieved by teeth squeezing and the muscle palpation. The participants who are doing the test to observe the nerve test can activate the innervated muscles of the trigeminal nerve system. So the observant can feel the muscular definition by the group of the muscle of masseter and the time dimension for how long the tests have evaluated among them. This nerve system provides the innervation of the motor system of the muscles; the three divisions of the nerve system are; the eye which includes the neural sensory modality, the second one is the maxilla which includes the afferent sensory modality and the last one is mandibular, it includes the modality of the afferent and the efferent (Van der Cruyssen et al. 2021). This type of nervous system stimulates the muscles to chew, Mylohyoid, and the belly portion of the digestive muscle tissue.

5. Testing of the Facial Nerve

The development of this specific test helps to identify different types of facial factors which are associated with the “Facial Nerve (CN VII)” of a human being. In this specific nerve test, a physician used different types of methods for the proper identification of facial expressions of a patient (Andresen et al. 2020). The physician who deals with this test tells the patient to raise their eyebrows in the first test. In the second step, the examiner asks the patients to raise their foreheads. After that, the researcher asked the patient to shut down their eyes properly and with the implementation of heavy strength. In the next step, the researcher asked the patient to close their mouth while air was present in it completely.

Observations of the test

With the help of these specific facial nerve tests, a physician aims to identify if there are any types of problems present with this specific nerve muscle of a patient (Wu et al. 2019). A physician wanted to identify different types of asymmetry in the facial expressions of a specific patient by which they wanted to identify the problems which are contained by the development of (CN VII). Also, the nasolabial folds were analysed with the help of this particular test to understand if any types of problems are associated with these facial nerves (Bennett, and Hacker, 2022). If a physician finds any type of asymmetry in their facial expression then they can easily identify the problems which are contained by the CN VII nerve of a human being.

6. Testing of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Figure 2: t-test analysis of the bone and air conduction

The Weber test of detecting the test of vestibulocochlear nerve uses 128 hz and can measure the sensitivity of sound among the participants. While testing the test place the fork on the scalp of the participants and instruct them to share the vibration of the sound in both ears. The sound system of the individuals can be supposed equal in both ears according to the procedure of the test. The differences in the responses can indicate the dissimilarities in the perception of the sound system. For example, if anyone can experience the sound more powerfully in one ear then it could indicate a problem which includes a hearing impairment that can lead to hearing loss permanently in one individual (Valera?Calero et al. 2021). The test of Rinne's can measure the variation of the conduction of the sound which may conduct the air and in the bone. The fork of tuning which is placed on the bone of the mastoid can evaluate the time till the participants can experience no elongated hear which is conducted through the bone conduction. This test can effectively express the ratio of bone vs air conduction among the subjects on the test performed. The dataset of the observation evaluates the t-test for the comparison of the two types of conduction. The p values and the negative t-test give the result of the effective high in the time of bone conduction (Bennett and Hacker, 2022). The p values of the t-test give the result as a low value, which suggests that the result is not dependable on the differences among the data.

7. Testing of the Spinal accessory

In this particular test, a physician wanted to test the muscles which are related to the spinal cord of a human being. The methods of this particular test use different methods for the proper identification of spinal cord-related problems (Solla et al. 2022). In the first step of this spinal accessory test, the physician places their hand on the shoulders of the patient and after that on their face. After that, the physician asks the patient to move their head in the same direction with proper resistance. Then, the researcher repeated this same step on the other side of the patient's face and told the patient to do the same. A physician uses this test for the proper understanding of the Spinal accessories of a human.

Figure 3: Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles

Identification of innervated muscles

With the help of this particular Spinal accessory testing process, the identification of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius-related problems are analysed properly. The main purpose of these two specific muscles is the development of different works of the spinal cords (Bechtel and Huang, 2022). After shrugging the patient's head a physician can identify the problems of the trapezius and by moving their head in the opposite direction, the sternocleidomastoid muscle-related issues can be identified.

8. Reflective Analysis

The implementation of these different nerve testing has produced a wide variety of knowledgeable outcomes. I have learned a wide variety of methods and practical skills such as the testing process of ocular nerves, facial nerve testing process and also the spinal accessory testing process effectively. Also, I have gathered different types of practical experience which becomes very beneficial for the proper management of these different tests. When I was observing the test results, I gathered different types of theoretical knowledge which are associated with these test results. Different muscles and nerve information, such as the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius-related information, was gathered by me throughout this entire research study.

References

Journals

• Almubarak, H., Bazi, Y. and Alajlan, N., 2020. Two-stage mask-RCNN approach for detecting and segmenting the optic nerve head, optic disc, and optic cup in fundus images. Applied Sciences, 10(11), p.3833.
• Andresen, N.S., Zhu, V., Lee, A., Sebetka, W., Kimura, J., Hansen, M.R., Gantz, B.J. and Sun, D.Q., 2020. Electrodiagnostic testing in acute facial palsy: Outcomes and comparison of methods. Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 5(5), pp.928-935.
• Bechtel, W. and Huang, L.T.L., 2022. Philosophy of neuroscience. Cambridge University Press.
• Bennett, M.R. and Hacker, P.M.S., 2022. Philosophical foundations of neuroscience. John Wiley & Sons.
• Calvo, P.M., de la Cruz, R.R., Pastor, A.M. and Alvarez, F.J., 2023. Preservation of KCC2 expression in axotomized abducens motoneurons and its enhancement by VEGF. Brain Structure and Function, 228(3-4), pp.967-984.
• Garip-Kuebler, A., Halfter, K., Reznicek, L., Klingenstein, A., Priglinger, S. and Hintschich, C.R., 2020. Subclinical dysthyroid optic neuropathy: tritan deficiency as an early sign of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. British Journal of Ophthalmology.
• Martín Calvo, P., Rodríguez de la Cruz, R.M., Pastor Loro, Á.M. and Alvarez, F.J., 2023. Preservation of KCC2 expression in axotomized abducens motoneurons and its enhancement by VEGF. Brain Structure and Function, 228 (3-4), 967-984.
• Solla, D.J.F., de Oliveira, A.J.M., Riechelmann, R.S., Martins, R.S. and Siqueira, M.G., 2022. Functional outcome predictors after spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder abduction in traumatic brachial plexus injuries in adults: the effect of time from injury to surgery. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 48(2), pp.1217-1223.
• Valera?Calero, J.A., Guodemar?Pérez, J., Cleland, J.A., Ojedo?Martín, C. and Gallego?Sendarrubias, G.M., 2021. Physical therapist attitude and opinion about cervical spine examination: A national Spanish survey. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(3), p.e13781.
• Van der Cruyssen, F., Peeters, F., Croonenborghs, T.M., Fransen, J., Renton, T., Politis, C., Casselman, J. and Jacobs, R., 2021. A systematic review on diagnostic test accuracy of magnetic resonance neurography versus clinical neurosensory assessment for post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy in patients reporting neurosensory disturbance. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 50(1), p.20200103.
• Whitcroft, K.L. and Hummel, T., 2019. Clinical diagnosis and current management strategies for olfactory dysfunction: a review. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 145(9), pp.846-853.
• Wu, H.K., Lai, H.J., Teng, T. and Yu, C.H., 2019. Development of an objective portable measurement device for spinal joint accessory motion testing. Sensors, 20(1), p.100.