Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Assignment Sample

Introduction Of Aetiology & Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes at Cellular Levels

• Type 2 Diabetes is a disorder of blood sugar regulation and it is also related to the metabolic condition that involves multiple organ systems (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020)
• It has also been characterised by insurance regulations on the overall impact of health
• Type 2 Diabetes has also been developing primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetic predispositions that affect the body's ability to use insulin effectively

This slide has been stating the details related to disease that is Type 2 Diabetes. In this presentation, we will explore how alterations in normal cellular functions have been leading to the resistance of insulin and the failure of pancreatic beta cells. It has also been setting the stage for chronic hyperglycemia and its associated complications. By understanding these underlying mechanisms, we can appreciate the complexity of Type 2 Diabetes and why managing this disease goes beyond simply controlling blood sugar levels.

Overview of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has also been providing the details related to metabolic disorders under the high levels of glucose in the blood due the insulin resistance (Goyal, Jialal and Singhal, 2023)
• Furthermore, Type 2 Diabetes involves the body's improper use of insulin. It is the most common form of diabetes, affecting millions of people worldwide
• It is also identified that though increasingly being diagnosed in younger populations due to rising obesity rates.

This slide has provided a detailed analysis related to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Type 2 Diabetes is a multifactorial disease and it has also been influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. The management has also been focusing on controlling blood glucose levels through diet, exercise, medication and monitoring. The goal of prevent or delay complications and maintain an overall good quality of life. This disease has different kinds of symptoms Frequent urination, Excessive thirst, Increased hunger, Fatigue, Blurred vision and Slow healing of wounds.

Cellular and Subcellular Basis of Type 2 Diabetes

• Under Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in case the overuse of insulin has also been effectively leading to systematic metabolic dysregulations such as subcellular and cellular aspects
• Pancreatic beta cells have also been compensating for resistance by increasing insulin production (Alarcon et al., 2015)
• The resistance has also been compounded by defects in insulin signaling pathways and the downregulation of insulin receptors on cell surfaces

It has also included mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ongoing low-grade inflammation, all contributing to the chronic and progressive nature of T2DM. Furthermore, it is also to be stated that persistent high glucose levels have also been focusing on the pancreatic beta cells and it has also been leading to their dysfunction and death.

Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes

• The aspects related to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is a complex issue and it has also been involving the combination of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance (Vargas and Alicia, 2019)
• Body cell have also become persistent and related to the action of insulin and it has also been involving the glucose uptake from the blood into the tissues
• On the other hand, inappropriate glucose production by the liver exacerbates the hyperglycemia.

It is identified that there are different kinds of contributing factors available such as predisposition, lifestyle changes, obesity and chronic inflammation. Different kinds of factors are also been related to the chronic high blood sugar levels related to metabolic disruptions.

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• The global occurrence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mhas ben showing an adequate variation across different ethnicities and regions (Vargas and Alicia, 2019)
• In terms of this, there are higher risks observed in Japanese, Hispanic, and Native American populations.
• Studies have been indicating that Asians experience higher incidence rates than White Americans and the white population in the UK,

It is also identified that with the black population in the UK there is a highest risk. While definitive reasons for these variations remain unclear. In this regard, different factors such as contemporary lifestyle choices contributing to obesity, socio-economic influences, and direct genetic susceptibilities are liable.

• A disruption in the feedback mechanisms regulating insulin action and secretion have been leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
• In terms of this, β-cell dysfunction has also been resulting in decreased insulin production (Ormazabal et al., 2018)
• It has also been impairing the body's ability to regulate glucose levels effectively.

Insulin resistance (IR) leads to increased glucose production by the liver and reduced glucose uptake in muscles, liver, and fat tissue. Although both β-cell dysfunction and IR occur early in the disease's onset and contribute to its progression, β-cell dysfunction typically presents more severely than IR. On the other hand, the presence of both β-cell dysfunction and IR significantly exacerbates hyperglycemia, further advancing the progression of type 2 diabetes.

Aetiology of type 2 diabetes

• The etiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has been invlving an intricate interplay of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors (Wu et al., 2014)
• It has also been leading to insulin resistance and eventual pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction (Kyrou et al., 2020).
• Individuals with a family history of diabetes are at an elevated genetic risk, suggesting a strong hereditary component.

Insulin resistance has an adequate condition where body cells do not respond effectively to insulin. Therefore, it is a hallmark of T2DM and it has beenexacerbated by central obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy dietary patterns rich. Age and ethnicity have also been playing a significant roles with increased incidence in certain ethnic groups. On the other hand, conditions such as metabolic syndrome, gestational diabetes and certain hormonal disorders have been increasing the higher risk. It has also been addressing these factors through targeted lifestyle modifications and medical interventions is crucial for managing and potentially preventing T2DM.

Conclusion

• It can be concluded that type 2 diabetes mellitus has also been promoting different kinds of insulin resistance through which impaired insulin secretion can also be promoted.
• Different pathophysiology has also been involving a combination of genetic predisposition and it has also been including diet and physical inactivity
• The aetiology of these diseases has also been highlighted the adequate role in terms of the role of obesity, age, ethnicity, and family history

Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the effective prevention, management, and treatment of T2DM. Efforts to mitigate the disease's impact should focus on lifestyle modifications, early detection, and personalized management strategies to improve the quality of life for individuals affected by T2DM and reduce the overall burden of the disease on healthcare systems.

References

• Alarcon, C., Boland, B.B., Uchizono, Y., Moore, P.C., Peterson, B., Rajan, S., Rhodes, O.S., Noske, A.B., Haataja, L., Arvan, P., Marsh, B.J., Austin, J. and Rhodes, C.J. (2015). Pancreatic β-Cell Adaptive Plasticity in Obesity Increases Insulin Production but Adversely Affects Secretory Function. Diabetes, [online] 65(2), pp.438–450. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-0792.
• Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K.B., Ostolaza, H. and Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, [online] 21(17), pp.1–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275.
• Goyal, R., Jialal, I. and Singhal, M. (2023). Diabetes mellitus type 2. [online] National Center for Biotechnology Information. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513253/.
• Kyrou, I., Tsigos, C., Mavrogianni, C., Cardon, G., Van Stappen, V., Latomme, J., Kivelä, J., Wikström, K., Tsochev, K., Nanasi, A., Semanova, C., Mateo-Gallego, R., Lamiquiz-Moneo, I., Dafoulas, G., Timpel, P., Schwarz, P.E.H., Iotova, V., Tankova, T., Makrilakis, K. and Manios, Y. (2020). Sociodemographic and lifestyle-related risk factors for identifying vulnerable groups for type 2 diabetes: a narrative review with emphasis on data from Europe. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 20(S1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0463-3.
• Ormazabal, V., Nair, S., Elfeky, O., Aguayo, C., Salomon, C. and Zuñiga, F.A. (2018). Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Diabetology, [online] 17(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4.
• Vargas, E. and Alicia, M. (2019). Biochemistry, Insulin Metabolic Effects. [online] Nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525983/.
• Wu, Y., Ding, Y., Tanaka, Y. and Zhang, W. (2014). Risk Factors Contributing to Type 2 Diabetes and Recent Advances in the Treatment and Prevention. International Journal of Medical Sciences, [online] 11(11), pp.1185–1200. doi:https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.10001.