Impact of E-cigarette Use on Hypertension Assignment Sample

Introduction Of Examining the Impact of E-cigarette Use on Hypertension: Implications for Cardiovascular Health

Literature Review

The usage of e-cigarettes has become more popular, largely as a substitute for traditional tobacco consumption. Despite being promoted as a less dangerous choice, worries about its effects on cardiovascular health, notably its link to hypertension, are growing. Studies looking at the potential causes along with the effects of using e-cigarettes are now being conducted in this area of study. According to recent research, using e-cigarettes exposes users to nicotine at levels that are frequently on par with or higher than those of regular cigarettes. It is well known that nicotine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, raising blood pressure as well as heart rate. Acute blood pressure rises have been seen in several studies after e-cigarette usage, emphasising the possibility of a temporary hypertensive response. However, there are few long-term research examining persistent blood pressure increase as well as its clinical ramifications. Concerns regarding the use of e-cigarettes' possible effects on cardiovascular health as well as hypertension have been sparked by their fast increase. Even though e-cigarettes are frequently promoted as a less dangerous alternative to smoking tobacco, new research indicates that they might not be risk-free. The overview of the available research on the relationship between e-cigarette usage in addition to hypertension is provided below, indicating any knowledge gaps that this proposed study will attempt to fill.

Cardiovascular Impacts of E-Cigarette Use

Research on studying the intense cardiovascular impacts of e-cigarette use has uncovered concerning discoveries. Research by Vlachopoulos et al. (2016) showed that a solitary meeting of e-cigarette utilization prompted impeded endothelial capability, a sign of cardiovascular dysfunction. Likewise, Carnevale et al. (2016) noticed expanded oxidative pressure as well as aggravation following e-cigarette openness. These discoveries propose that e-cigarettes might set off systems adverse to cardiovascular well-being.

Hypertension and E-Cigarette Use

Restricted research has investigated the connection between e-cigarette use and hypertension. Although the review depended on self-detailed information, Bhatta et al. (2018) revealed a critical relationship between e-cigarette use in addition to expanded chances of self-detailed hypertension. Cross-sectional examinations by Alzahrani et al. (2019) and Wang et al. (2020) found positive relationships between e-cigarette use and raised circulatory strain. In any case, these examinations give just a depiction of the relationship, justifying further examination concerning supported hypertension.

Nicotine and Pulse

Nicotine, a vital part of e-cigarettes, is known to impact pulse guidelines. A few examinations, including Farsalinos et al. (2014) and Yingst et al. (2019), have reported intense expansions in circulatory strain and pulse following nicotine openness through e-cigarettes. Longitudinal investigations, for example, those by Polosa et al. (2019), have shown that e-cigarette clients experienced industrious nicotine openness, supporting the need to inspect whether persistent openness adds to supported hypertension.

Flavourings and Vascular Impacts

Flavourings utilized in e-cigarettes may likewise affect cardiovascular well-being. High groupings of enhancing compounds, for example, diacetyl, have been related to lung wounds, yet their impacts on veins are less perceived. Concentrates like Behar et al. (2014) have distinguished unsafe mixtures in seasoned e-cigarettes, requiring examinations concerning possible vascular impacts and pulse modifications.

Knowledge Gap and Justification

The body of available research provides some early understanding of the short-term effects of e-cigarette usage on blood pressure. Understanding the long-term effects of e-cigarettes on hypertension and general cardiovascular health, however, still has a major information gap. There aren't many studies that thoroughly examine the connection between e-cigarette usage and chronic hypertension while accounting for confounding factors. Additionally, only a small amount of study has examined potential underlying processes, such as the functions of flavourings, nicotine, and other ingredients in controlling blood pressure. By undertaking a thorough analysis of the relationship between e-cigarette use and persistent hypertension, taking into account both short- and long-term repercussions, the proposed study seeks to close these gaps. This study aims to clarify the possible cardiovascular hazards by examining a varied group over a long period of time.

Research Question

• Does e-cigarette use contribute to the development and sustained presence of hypertension ?
• What are the potential underlying mechanisms linking e-cigarette use to elevated blood pressure, considering a diverse population over an extended period?

Aim and objectives

Aims

This study means to research the relationship between e-cigarette use and supported hypertension while uncovering possible mechanistic pathways, in a different populace throughout a drawn-out time span.

Objectives

• Assess the longitudinal relationship between e-cigarette use and the development of sustained hypertension.
• Examine the potential roles of nicotine, flavourings, and other constituents in mediating blood pressure elevation.
• Investigate the influence of cumulative e-cigarette exposure on hypertension risk.
• Compare the cardiovascular risks of e-cigarette use to traditional tobacco smoking.
• Provide evidence-based insights to guide informed decision-making and public health policies regarding e-cigarette use and cardiovascular health.

Methodology

Methodological approach

The project will utilise a quantitative research approach to examine how e-cigarette usage affects hypertension and its consequences for cardiovascular health. We picked this strategy because it can provide systematic, unbiased data on a wide scale, allowing us to demonstrate causation, quantify interactions between variables, and analyse statistical linkages.

For examining the nuanced connection between e-cigarette use and hypertension, quantitative research has various benefits. The study may monitor blood pressure levels over time, link them with e-cigarette usage patterns, and account for potential confounding variables like age, gender, smoking history, and lifestyle factors by gathering numerical data through surveys and physiological measures. This method makes it possible to spot trends, patterns, and statistically significant associations, giving a solid framework from which to develop conclusions that are supported by the data. The study may contribute important new knowledge to the body of research and help shape public health policy by assessing the effect of e-cigarette usage on the prevalence and severity of hypertension. The selected quantitative approach adjusts well to the exploration goals, as it permits us to quantify and investigate the degree of the connection between e-cigarette use and supported hypertension while considering potential impacting factors. By taking on this methodology, the study plan to upgrade the logical comprehension of the cardiovascular dangers related to e-cigarette use and give significant data to medical services experts, policymakers, and everyone (Apuke, 2017).

Study Design

In the suggested research, researchers will evaluate the effects of e-cigarette usage on hypertension and its consequences for cardiovascular health using a primary data collection technique using a survey. This methodological decision makes it easier for us to collect precise and focused data directly from a varied sample of participants, which helps us achieve our study goals. We choose primary data collecting to guarantee the applicability and specificity of the data acquired. Using a structured survey instrument, we may craft the survey questions to collect data relevant to the association between e-cigarette usage and hypertension. This method offers a straightforward way to monitor factors including nicotine consumption, blood pressure readings, frequency and duration of e-cigarette usage, and any previous diagnoses of hypertension (Ajayi, 2017).

A cross-sectional survey will be used in the study design to gather data from participants all at once. There will be a wide range of age groups, genders, and smoking histories represented in the participant pool. In order to measure e-cigarette usage patterns, nicotine exposure, blood pressure levels, and any occurrences of documented hypertension, the survey will include both closed-ended and Likert scale items. To improve the validity of the results, further inquiries about eating habits, activity, and other potential confounding variables will be made.

The survey's form is ideal for addressing the goals and research questions we have in mind. We may examine the relationship between e-cigarette usage and hypertension across various groups since it enables easy data gathering from a sizable and varied sample. Primary data collection gives us more control over the data we acquire and helps us make sure that it is relevant to the topic of our research (Bjertnaes, 2020).
Although primary data collection through surveys has inherent drawbacks such potential response bias and dependence on self-reported data, these issues will be addressed by careful survey design, appropriate sampling procedures, and statistical analysis. In the end, the survey-based method will offer useful insights on the potential link between e-cigarette use and hypertension, adding to the overall understanding of the hazards of vaping for cardiovascular health.

Participants

The study's target population will be broad, ranging in age from 18 to 65 and representing a range of socio-demographic characteristics such age, gender, ethnicity, occupation, and educational attainment. This strategy tries to gather a sample that is reflective of the variety of the e-cigarette user population. A thorough investigation of the possible effects of e-cigarette use on hypertension across diverse demographic segments will be ensured by the participation of individuals from different genders, ethnicities, and vocations. A variety of strategies, including internet resources, social media, and community health centres, will be used to find participants. Different demographic groups will be targeted through recruitment ads, which will entice a broad spectrum of people to join. Convenience sampling will be used, allowing research participants to self-select if they are interested.

Consideration standards will incorporate people matured 18-65 who are current e-cigarette clients and have no prior analysed hypertension. Prohibition measures will include people with a background marked by cardiovascular illnesses, pregnant or breastfeeding ladies, people utilizing prescriptions influencing pulse, and those unfit to give informed assent.

To ensure the study's statistical power and the generalizability of its findings, an adequate sample size must be chosen. Based on a power analysis performed using the G*Power programme and taking into account the expected effect size, significance level ( = 0.05), and statistical tests to be used (multiple regression analysis), the suggested sample size of 100 participants was established. It is anticipated that a sample size of 100 would have the statistical power to identify connections and effects between continued e-cigarette usage and persistent hypertension while taking into account any confounding factors. This sample size enables subgroup analysis within different demographic groups, ensuring that a variety of people are represented.

Data collection methods

Primary data will be gathered through an inline survey administered via a secure web platform. Members will get to the overview through a given web connect, guaranteeing helpful and far-off information assortment. The review will thoroughly catch e-cigarette use designs, hypertension status, cardiovascular well-being, and socio-socioeconomics. This web-based approach works with a topographically different example and improves on information the board. The information assortment area will be virtual, permitting members to finish the study from their favoured settings. Preceding the primary overview, a pilot study including roughly 20 members will be directed. This pilot will evaluate and review lucidity, usefulness, and question structure. Criticism will illuminate refinements to the review plan. Furthermore, pre-testing will guarantee similarity across gadgets and programs, while mental meetings will upgrade question legitimacy (Bjertnaes, 2020).

Pilot Study

Yes, pilot research will be carried out to evaluate the usefulness and clarity of the questionnaire. There will be around 20 volunteers chosen to represent the study's intended audience. They will finish the survey and give comments on the clarity, applicability, and overall user experience of the questions. The final analysis will exclude the pilot data. The results of this pilot project will be used to improve the questionnaire and make sure that the main data collection phase collects responses that are accurate and useful.

Timeline

Analysis plan

Given that the goal of the study is to determine if e-cigarette usage is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, the survey results will be subjected to quantitative analysis. This method enables the methodical investigation of statistical relationships and patterns in the data. Blood pressure readings, e-cigarette use patterns, and sociodemographic traits will all be summarised using descriptive statistics. While adjusting for possible confounding factors such age, gender, nicotine exposure, and lifestyle choices, regression analysis, including multiple linear regression, will be used to evaluate the association between prolonged e-cigarette usage and hypertension. IBM SPSS Statistics, a popular programme for analysing quantitative data, will be utilised to conduct the statistical study. For descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and data visualisation, SPSS offers a complete set of tools. It is appropriate for analysing the nuanced links between e-cigarette usage and hypertension due to its user-friendly interface and powerful statistical capabilities.

We can quantify the links between variables using quantitative analysis, which provides numerical support for the existence and strength of interactions. We may evaluate the independent impact of e-cigarette usage while adjusting for possible variables using multiple regression analysis. This strategy fits with the study's goal of investigating the possible effects of e-cigarette usage on chronic hypertension and the consequences for cardiovascular health.
Data analysis is efficient and accurate when SPSS is used. The software's skills will make it easier to examine complex linkages and form trustworthy findings. This study uses quantitative analysis and SPSS in order to shed light on the complicated relationship between e-cigarette usage and hypertension and to influence public health practise and policy.

Ethical Consideration

Indeed, this study will require Brunel's ethical approval before any information assortment exercises can start. Ethical approval guarantees that the review complies with moral rules and defends the freedoms and prosperity of members (Ford, 2020).

References

• Ajayi, V. O., 2017. Primary Sources of Data and Secondary Sources of Data, s.l.: Taraba State University.
• Apuke, O. D., 2017. Quantitative Research Methods : A Synopsis Approach. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review , 6(11), pp. 40-47.
• Alzahrani, T., Pena, I., Temesgen, N., Glantz, S. A. (2019). Association between electronic cigarette use and hypertension among never-smoking adults in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170(5), 353-360.
• Bjertnaes, A. A., 2020. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship Between Mental Health Problems and Overweight and Obesity in Adolescents, s.l.: Front. Public Health.
• Ford, D. A., 2020. CODE OF RESEARCH ETHICS, s.l.: Brunel University London Research Ethics Committee.
• Behar, R. Z., Luo, W., Lin, S. C., Wang, Y., Valle, J., & Pankow, J. F. (2014). Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols. Tobacco Control, 23(Suppl 2), ii90-ii96.
• Carnevale, R., Sciarretta, S., Violi, F., Nocella, C., Loffredo, L., Perri, L., ... & Pignatelli, P. (2016). Acute impact of tobacco vs electronic cigarette smoking on oxidative stress and vascular function. Chest, 150(3), 606-612.
• Farsalinos, K. E., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., Savvopoulou, M., & Voudris, V. (2014). Acute effects of using an electronic nicotine?delivery device (electronic cigarette) on myocardial function: comparison with the effects of regular cigarettes. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 14(1), 78.
• Polosa, R., Morjaria, J. B., Caponnetto, P., Caruso, M., Campagna, D., Amaradio, M. D., ... & Fisichella, A. (2019). Evidence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes. Respiratory Research, 20(1), 1-13.
• Vlachopoulos, C., Ioakeimidis, N., Abdelrasoul, M., Terentes-Printzios, D., Georgakopoulos, C., Pietri, P., ... & Stefanadis, C. (2016). Electronic cigarette smoking increases aortic stiffness and blood pressure in young smokers. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 67(23), 2802-2803.
• Wang, M. P., Ho, S. Y., Leung, L. T., Lam, T. H. (2020). Electronic cigarette use and respiratory symptoms in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(11), 1077-1086.
• Yingst, J. M., Foulds, J., Veldheer, S., Hrabovsky, S., Williams, J. M., & Richie Jr, J. P. (2019). Nicotine absorption during electronic cigarette use among regular users. PLoS One, 14(4), e0220300.