HVAC Analysis For A Community Centre Assignment Sample

Introduction To HVAC Analysis For A Community Centre Assignment

This assignment aims to provide an understanding of practical building services engineering by analyzing a hypothetical medical research center building. Specifically, the assignment focuses on assessing heating and ventilation system requirements and solutions for the building. Students are expected to determine critical environmental design conditions like required air temperatures as well as calculate engineering variables like room and building heat losses. After establishing these parameters, suitable heating systems need to be selected and located on drawings, including the boiler plant and room-level emitters connected by pipework routes. Additionally, a central ventilation system needs to be designed through ductwork layouts and diffuser locations, supplemented by a discussion of natural ventilation's role in reducing energy use. Through completing the technical calculations, system drawings, specifications, and reporting, students will gain invaluable industry-relevant experience. Key procedures and competencies are outlined for each task, along with expectations on report structure, quality control, referencing, and submission particulars. The variety of learning outcomes, from research to communication to critical thinking, make this a fitting assignment to develop well-rounded building services engineers.

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A. To calculate the room heat losses will use the following formula:

Environmental Design Conditions: This section involves identifying critical indoor environment criteria that influence occupant health, comfort, and well-being. Key variables include winter and summer air temperature setpoints based on space usage, lighting illumination levels suited for particular tasks, and appropriate background noise levels. Values need to be determined from reputable data sources like CIBSE guides. The ranges aim to balance ideal comfort conditions with practical system capabilities and energy efficiency. Specifying these conditions early allows subsequent heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, and other systems to be designed to maintain the requirements year-round, regardless of varying external weather.

Engineering Calculations: Engineering calculations transform the abstract design conditions into quantifiable building loads and system capacities. Simple hand calculations will suffice for this assignment (Tina et al. 2022). The primary calculation uses an assumed heat loss per meter square rate together with measured room areas to estimate individual and total building heating loads. This total load allows appropriate sizing and selection of a gas boiler, or multiple boilers, to meet peak predicted demand. Alternative lower-carbon solutions may also be suggested. The calculations provide an objective numerical basis for heating and cooling equipment sizing rather than pure guesswork. Rounded inputs and approximations are acceptable since real-world data includes uncertainty. The calculations and assumptions demonstrate core engineering competencies.

Heating System Selection: With loads established, suitable heating solutions can be researched and proposed. Key decisions include the heat source (boiler plant), heat emitters for each room, pipework routing, and the required controls. The heat emitters, like radiators or underfloor heating, must match the room loads calculated earlier. Technical product literature can guide appropriate selections. The systems need to integrate hydraulically through a pipe circuit flowing from the plant room to end usage points. Drawings must locate equipment like the boiler room source, vertical risers, and horizontal distribution runs for user heat emitters. Annotations indicate special considerations. Images and explanations will justify the heating system choices as fit for purpose within project constraints. Balancing performance, cost, and sustainability is crucial.

Ventilation System Selection: Similar selection and design procedures apply to ventilation systems, which maintain indoor air quality. A central air handling unit (AHU) should condition and circulate fresh air to occupants (Fouladvand et al. 2022). Ductwork similarly distributes this air through horizontal and vertical routes to floor diffusers based on room layouts. The AHU and ducts are sized according to ventilation rate formulas and desired air circulation patterns within the building zones. Control methods can modulate ventilation rates depending on sensors detecting pollutant concentrations and occupancy levels in each area. Supporting images and literature describe chosen system components and capabilities. Additionally, a brief discussion highlights natural ventilation through building envelope openings as an energy-saving supplemental or passive cooling technique. The ventilation solutions should balance first costs against operating efficiency, reliability, and sustainability.

B. Based on a design building heat loss of 50 W/m2

Room heat loss = (Room area) x (Design heat loss)

Where:

The room area is in square meters (m2)

Design heat loss is in watts per square meter (W/m2)

Using the design building heat loss of 50 W/m2 and the room areas from the floor plan, it can calculate the following room heat losses:

Room 1 (Office 1):

By multiplying the room's dimensions, 5 meters by 4 meters, the area is determined to be 20 square meters. Given the heat loss per square meter of 50 W/m2, multiplying this by the total area of 20 square meters results in a total heat loss of 1000 Watts from Office 1.

Room 2 (Office 2):

The dimensions of Office 2 are 4 meters by 3 meters, resulting in an area of 12 square meters when multiplied (Sibanda et al. 2021). Taking this area of 12 square meters and multiplying by the given heat loss per square meter of 50 W/m2 gives a total heat loss for Office 2 of 600 Watts, calculated by Area times Heat Loss Density.

Room 3 (Meeting Room):

The Meeting Room has dimensions of 6 meters by 5 meters, giving an area of 30 square meters. Multiplying the heat loss per square meter of 50 W/m2 by the total area of 30 square meters results in a total heat loss of 1500 Watts from the Meeting Room based on the equation: Heat Loss = Area x Heat Loss Density.

Room 4 (Comms Room):

The Common Room has dimensions of 3 meters by 3 meters, resulting in a total area of 9 square meters. By taking this area of 9 square meters and multiplying it by the given heat loss per square meter of 50 W/m2, the total heat loss calculation for the Common Room works out to 450 Watts using the heat loss equation: Area x Heat Loss Density.

Room 5 (Reception):

The Reception Area has dimensions of 4 meters by 3 meters, giving an area of 12 square meters when multiplied (Sorathiya, 2020). Taking this area and multiplying by the heat loss density of 50 W/m2 results in a total heat loss of 600 Watts from the Reception Area, calculated using the equation: Heat Loss = Total Area x Heat Loss per Area.

Room 6 (Server Room):

The Server Room dimensions are 3 meters by 2 meters, giving an area of 6 square meters. Multiplying this 6 square meter area by the heat loss density of 50 W/m2 results in a Server Room heat loss of 300 Watts, using the heat loss formula: Total Heat Loss = Total Area x Heat Loss per Unit Area.

Room 7 (Print):

The Print Room has dimensions of 2 meters by 2 meters, resulting in a total area of 4 square meters. By taking this area of 4 square meters and multiplying it by the given heat loss per square meter of 50 W/m2, the total heat loss for the Print Room is calculated to be 200 Watts using the equation: Heat Loss = Area x Heat Loss Density.

Room 8 (Store):

The Store Room dimensions are 2 meters by 2 meters, giving an area of 4 square meters when multiplied. Taking this total area of 4 square meters and multiplying by the heat loss density per square meter of 50 W/m2, results in a total heat loss of 200 Watts for the Store Room via the equation: Heat Loss = Total Area x Heat Loss Density.

Room 9 (WC):

The Washroom has dimensions of 2 meters by 1.5 meters, giving an area of 3 square meters (Srikandi et al. 2022). Multiplying this total area of 3 square meters by the heat loss per square meter of 50 W/m2 results in a total heat loss of 150 Watts for the Washroom, calculated using: Heat Loss = Total Area x Heat Loss Density per Unit Area.

Room 10 (Corridor):

The Corridor has a length of 8 meters and a width of 2 meters. Multiplying these dimensions gives an area of 16 square meters. Taking this total area of 16 square meters and multiplying by the given heat loss density of 50 W/m2 results in a total heat loss of 800 Watts for the Corridor via the heat loss equation.

Total heat loss = Office 1 + Office 2 + 8 x Meeting Room + 2 x Comms Room + Reception + Server Room + Print room + Store room + 3 x WC + 3 x Corridor = 1000 + 600 + 3 x 1500 + 2 x 450 + 600 + 200 + 600 + 200 + 3 x 150 + 3 x 800 = 11450 W

Literature Review

Space Heating Operation Of Combination Boilers In The UK: The Case For Addressing Real-World Boiler Performance

According to Bennett et al. 2019, Gas-fired combination boilers account for a large proportion of UK residential energy demand. However, studies show that they often underperform compared to rated efficiency, due to an inability to isolate the causes of poor performance with traditional monitoring methods. This study utilized high-frequency data from a large sample of UK combination boilers to gain new insights. The findings show that while overall energy use aligned with estimates, the cycling behavior of most boilers is concerning. Specifically, most boilers were frequently turning on and off rapidly rather than modulating - half averaged over 50 cycles per day, with 70% of cycles being less than 10 minutes.

This contradicts assumptions in efficiency testing standards, which are based on steady-state performance weighted at full and part load. The rapid cycling indicates most boilers are substantially oversized for space heating needs and unable to properly modulate output. Excessive cycling negatively impacts boiler efficiency and emissions. With millions of boiler replacements upcoming, addressing oversizing and control issues presents a major opportunity to cost-effectively reduce emissions from heating. Specifically, guidelines and legislation around boiler sizing, radiator layouts, and modulation range need revising to prevent oversizing. Installers and heating engineers also need better awareness, as system configuration decisions (e.g. plant size ratio, hydraulic layout, controls) strongly influence cycling. Overall, rapidly cycling boilers undermine performance assumptions which preventing excessive cycling through improved standards and installation practices can yield immediate efficiency and emissions gains.

C. Size of using earlier determined room heat losses together with manufacturers

In the above diagram, the pipeline system is a sewer system. Wastewater is transported from its source to a drainage through a network of pipes called a sewage system. Any plumbing equipment, including a sink, bathtub, bathroom, or toilet, could be the cause of the wastewater (Biemann et al. 2021). The drain may be a cesspool, septic tank, or municipal sewer system. Sanitary and stormwater drainage are the two primary pipe types that comprise the sewage system seen in the diagram. Wastewater from plumbing fittings is transported to the drain via sanitary sewers. Rainwater from roofs and other surfaces is transported to the drain by storm sewers.

The diagram's sanitary sewer system consists of two primary branches: a vertical branch and a horizontal branch. Wastewater from the building's plumbing fixtures is collected by the horizontal branch and transported to the vertical branch. The effluent is transported to the drain by the vertical branch. In the diagram, there is only one branch that makes up the storm sewer system. Rainwater from a roof is collected and transported to the drain by the storm sewer branch. In the diagram, the wastewater and storm sewer lines are joined at a single location known as the manhole.

A huge hole in the surface with two channels and one outlet is called a manhole. The storm and sanitary sewer branches are linked to the inlets. The drain is attached to the outlet. Workers can enter the sewer system through the manhole in order to maintain and repair it. It also gives rainfall a way to go into the storm drains. An essential component of the building's structure is represented by the drainage system in the diagram. By removing wastewater from the building, it contributes to maintaining a hygienic and clean environment. By avoiding the contamination of groundwater by wastewater, it also contributes to protecting the environment.

Manufacturers Literature

Here, the description of the boiler that was chosen for this project is described. These are the specification of the boiler. These are as follows.

In this project the boiler that was chosen is presented in the table above. It shows the description of the specifications of the chosen boiler. It can be seen that the height of the boiler is 600mm. This is a large building that so the capacity of the boiler should be fair enough to be able to heat in all areas of the building. For this reason, this boiler was chosen. This is a boiler of medium category. This is neither too small nor too large. It is assumed to be the most suitable boiler for serving the building. Also the medium range length of this makes it suitable for placing in the rooms. This is because of having a medium length this fits in all the rooms of the building. The consumption of energy at different temperature conditions can be seen here. Considering the loss of heat in the building it seems that this boiler is the most suitable. The code of this boiler is “SS 60 120G”.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this assignment provides crucial real-world experience in practical building services engineering. Students researched indoor environmental criteria and calculated critical heating loads for a hypothetical medical research center. This forms the basis for appropriately selecting and sizing vital building systems. Drawings locate the proposed boiler plant, heat emitters, pipework, ductwork, and diffusers tailored to the building layout and usage. Justifications reference reputable industry guides and product specifications suited to the application. Key competencies in analytics, design, documentation, sustainability, and communication are developed through completing the technical tasks.

References

Journals

• Bennett, G., Elwell, C. and Oreszczyn, T., 2019. Space heating operation of combination boilers in the UK: The case for addressing real-world boiler performance. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 40(1), pp.75-92.
• Tina, G.M., Aneli, S. and Gagliano, A., 2022. Technical and economic analysis of the provision of ancillary services through the flexibility of HVAC system in shopping centers. Energy, 258, p.124860.
• Fouladvand, J., Ghorbani, A., Mouter, N. and Herder, P., 2022. Analysing community-based initiatives for heating and cooling: A systematic and critical review. Energy Research & Social Science, 88, p.102507.
• Sibanda, T., Selvarajan, R., Ogola, H.J., Obieze, C.C. and Tekere, M., 2021. Distribution and comparison of bacterial communities in HVAC systems of two university buildings: Implications for indoor air quality and public health. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1), p.47.
• Sorathiya, R.R.A., 2020. Community clean air shelters: community centre's response to wildfire smoke events in Vancouver (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).
• Srikandi, D., Sutopo, W., Hisjam, M. and Istiqomah, S., 2022. Commercializing a Technology Use Global Business Strategy Approach: A Lesson Learned from HVAC Companies. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Istanbul, Turkey (pp. 3079-3090).
• Biemann, M., Scheller, F., Liu, X. and Huang, L., 2021. Experimental evaluation of model-free reinforcement learning algorithms for continuous HVAC control. Applied Energy, 298, p.117164.
• Colombo, P., Filippini, G., Scoccia, R., Aprile, M. and Motta, M., Analysis of HVAC retrofit layouts including solar cooling system with adsorption heat pump Modelling, dynamic simulation, and multi-criteria evaluation. people, 57, p.m2
• BONNEY, B., SANDERS, J. and CAMPBELL, M., HEATING ELECTRIFICATION IMPACTS ON COMMERCIAL HVAC PERFORMANCE TODAY AND FUTURE: A CASE STUDY.