15 Pages
3743 Words
How Nutrition Lowers Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Topic 1: Role of Fibre in Cardiovascular Disease
Summary of Literature
| Source with Author's Name |
Aim |
Methods |
Key Results |
Interpretation of Results |
| Barber, T.M., Kabisch, S., Pfeiffer, A.F. and Weickert, M.O., 2020. The health benefits of dietary fibre. Nutrients, 12(10), p.3209. |
The primary aim of the research is prevention of non-communicable disease like different types of cardiovascular disease (Barber et al. 2020). One of the most significant roles of the fiber is cardio protection. |
This study method is based on the positivism research philosophy and the pragmatism research philosophy (Barber et al. 2020). This is a cross-sectional study because it was done during a particular time. |
A meta-examination of 22 companion examinations found that dietary fibre has a preventive effect against cardiovascular sickness (RR 0.91 for 7g/day). This association is in accordance with research connecting admission of profoundly handled, low-fibre food sources to a raised gamble of CVD. A meta-examination of 15 partners showed a 9% lessen in CVD mortality for each increment of 10g/day in dietary fibre utilization, supporting the valuable impacts of nourishing fibre on the cardiovascular framework. (Barber et al. 2020). |
A meta-examination uncovers that for each 10g/day ascend in dietary fiber, CVD mortality is diminished by 9%. These results emphasize dietary fiber's involvement in lowering overall cardiovascular risks and emphasize its cardio protective properties.
Strength: This study has created an awareness among the people about their current condition and how to improve their health by the consumption of whole grain foods and fiber rich diet on a daily basis (Barber et al. 2020).
Weakness: This study informs about the lower consumption of fibre in a daily meal.
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| Barrett, E.M., Batterham, M.J., Ray, S. and Beck, E.J., 2019. Whole grain, bran and cereal fibre consumption and CVD: a systematic review. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(8), pp.914-937. |
The key aim of this study is to find out the association between consumption of whole grains and refined grains with cardiovascular disease (Barrett et al. 2019). |
This research is dependent on interpretivism. This study has used a deductive research approach. It used different existing studies and different theories and models which were published in different types of journals (Barrett et al. 2019). It was an experimental study that existed on different data. |
In the subsequent review for wellbeing experts (HPFS), high entire grain admission, particularly from entire grains, is related with further developed long haul weight the executives. For each 40g/d ascent in entire grain utilization, the 8-year weight gain is decreased by 1.1kg (Barrett et al. 2019). |
The preventive effect of wheat in bringing down mortality chances is displayed inside a partner of ladies with diabetes type 2 where a huge generally speaking and enhanced grain consumption extraordinarily lessens the likelihood of CVD (cardiovascular sickness) passing by 64% (RR 0.36) and the general death rate by 55% (RR 0.45). (Barrett et al. 2019).
Strength: The actual scenario is an alarming condition of the people who consume refined food products. This study was published for public awareness.
Weakness: some of the people are not bothered about the situation and they continue the consumption of low fibre food.
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| Evans, C.E.L., 2020. Dietary fibre and cardiovascular health: a review of current evidence and policy. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(1), pp.61-67. |
This study mainly aimed to gather knowledge about comparison related to preclinical and clinical trials among people before and after consumption of some plant based foods (Evans, 2020) |
This study used some data from different healthcare sectors and use of plant based foods to the people and after a certain time they compared the pre-clinical and clinical trials in this study (Evans, 2020). |
73% people were in the risk of cardiovascular disease who did not interested to take plant based food in daily diet and 31% subjects were health and were in the group who are consumed plant based foods more (Evans, 2020). In 71% of the subjects 10% people died due to cardiovascular disease. |
This study has a different viewpoint which indicates the maintenance of consumption of plant based food on a daily basis which is the source of high fibre. People who were suffering and died of cardiovascular disease avoided plant based foods and consumed animal based foods more.
Strength: Plants consist of multiple antioxidants and anti-inflammatory which are cardio protective agents (Evans, 2020).
Weakness: People who are not interested in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and green leafy vegetables are more at risk of cardiovascular disease.
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| Xu, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Qi, H., and Wang, P. 2022. Associations between dietary fiber intake and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: a prospective study. Journal of translational medicine, 20(1), 344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-022-03558-6Bennett, A., 2019. The 14th Hugh Bunting Memorial Lecture, John Madjeski Lecture Theatre, University of Reading, Wednesday 13 November 2019 Smarter foods–the future for our diets, health and the environment. Ag4Dev39: an open issue, p.4. |
The aim of the study was to find out the relation between different kinds of dietary fibre intake and mortality due to cardiovascular disease (Xu et al. 2022). |
This study has been used Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios with 95 % confidence intervals. The proportional hazards was analyzed by the Schoenfeld residual test (Xu et al. 2022). |
17,536 all-cause fatalities, 4842 passing from cardiovascular illness, and 5760 malignant growth passing were found during 1.4 million subsequent years. Members in the classification with the best measure of dietary fiber utilization, with a typical admission of 16.5 g/day, fundamentally bound to be female, wedded, and have more prominent degrees of schooling, while at the same time smoking was more uncommon (Xu et al. 2022) . Members in the preliminary had a normal time of 62.1 years at gauge, and the review had a middle length of follow-up of 17.1 years.
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This study has been shown the Consumption of good amounts of soluble and insoluble fibre has significant association with lower risk of death in cardiovascular diseases. It suggests that the people who are suffering from cardiovascular disease and at risk of death due to cardiovascular disease did not consume a high fibre diet regularly (Xu et al. 2022). Strength: This research result has confirmed that the high fibre foods like whole grains, fruits and vegetables are responsible for curing cardiovascular disease. Weakness: people are more addicted to refined foods rather than consuming high fibre foods. |
| Li, S., Flint, A., Pai, J. K., Forman, J. P., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Rexrode, K. M., Mukamal, K. J., and Rimm, E. B. 2014. Dietary fiber intake and mortality among survivors of myocardial infarction: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 348, g2659. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2659 |
This journal aimed to discover the relation of myocardial infarction and dietary fibre and also the changes in the intake of dietary fibre before and after myocardial infarction and mortality in cardiovascular disease (Li et al. 2014). |
This study has chosen Men and women of the United states for this cohort study (Li et al. 2014). Participants were chosen as the age of women between 30-55 years and Men aged between 40-75. |
Higher fiber admission, particularly from cereals, is emphatically associated with diminished all-cause mortality following myocardial localized necrosis (MI) (Li et al. 2014). The pooled peril proportion for looking at outrageous fifths is 0.75 (95% CI 0.58-0.97). Contrasted with other fiber sources, grain fiber shows a more prominent association (joined risk proportion, 0.73, 0.58-0.91). |
Prominently, with a pooled risk proportion of 0.69 (0.55-0.87), higher fiber utilization from pre to after a coronary is firmly associated with lower generally mortality, featuring the potential benefits of proceeded or expanded utilization of fiber in the wake of having a cardiovascular occasion.
Strength: This study was aware about the vulnerable condition who are suffering from CVD (Li et al. 2014).
Weakness: This study confirms that people who are at high risk of myocardial infarction are less likely to have high fibre.
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| Reynolds, A.N., Akerman, A., Kumar, S., Diep Pham, H.T., Coffey, S. and Mann, J., 2022. Dietary fibre in hypertension and cardiovascular disease management: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC medicine, 20(1), p.139. |
This study was aimed to assess the mortality rate due to death in cardiovascular disease (Reynolds et al. 2022). |
This study was performed cohort study and meta-analysis to achieve the goal of this research. This study used data from different journals and the healthcare sector that helps the study to proceed further (Reynolds et al. 2022). |
This result shows 15 different studies that explained the association between the dietary fibre intake and mortality rate from CVD. It shows mortality due to cardiovascular disease has significantly related with the low fibre intake (Reynolds et al. 2022). |
This study confirms the association between high fiber intake and mortality from CVD, IHD and CHD.
Strength: It aware the people who have cardiovascular disease for not avoiding high fibre food.
Weakness: This study has shown that maximum people were avoided and less likely interested to eat high fibre foods (Reynolds et al. 2022).
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Table 1: Summary of Literature (Topic 1)
Topic 2: Unsaturated fatty acids' role in cardiovascular disease
Summary of Literature
| Source with Author's Name |
Aim |
Methods |
Key Results |
Interpretation of Results |
| Watanabe, Y. and Tatsuno, I., 2020. Prevention of cardiovascular events with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the mechanism involved. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 27(3), pp.183-198. |
The primary aim of the study is to search about the prevention of unsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease (Watanabe et al. 2020). |
This is an epidemiological study in which meta-analysis was done to find out the association of fatty acids and cardiovascular disease (Watanabe et al. 2020). |
The result of the study has shown the beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty (Watanabe et al. 2020). This study also confirmed that monounsaturated fatty acids are also responsible for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. |
This research has mainly focused on the anti-inflammatory effect of unsaturated fatty acids in preventing cardiovascular diseases (Watanabe et al. 2020).
Strength: Use of EPA at a dose of 4g each day is helpful to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and hypertriglyceridemia also adversely. It proves that Unsaturated fatty acids are responsible for 25% of cardiovascular disease.
Weakness: less concern among the people about proper dietary guidelines of unsaturated fatty acids.
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| Marangoni, F., Agostoni, C., Borghi, C., Catapano, A.L., Cena, H., Ghiselli, A., La Vecchia, C., Lercker, G., Manzato, E., Pirillo, A. and Riccardi, G., 2020. Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects. Atherosclerosis, 292, pp.90-98. |
This study aimed to find different evidence about the linoleic acid and n-6 PUFA in treatment of cardiovascular disease (Marangoni et al. 2020). |
This research is based on the interpretivism and the deductive research approach which is based on the existing theories (Marangoni et al. 2020). |
The unsaturated fatty acid PUFA is a structural constituent of the cell to maintain the membrane fluidity and its function (Marangoni et al. 2020). An adequate utilization of linoleic corrosive (LA) has been connected in epidemiological examinations to bring down blood levels of LDL cholesterol. By subbing n-6 polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) for 5% of the energy from immersed fats (SFA), dietary intercessions can impressively reduce the gamble of cardiovascular sickness (CVD). |
A measurably huge 10% lessening in LDL-C outcomes from dietary medicines that supplant 5% of the energy from soaked fats (SFA) utilizing n-6 polyunsaturated fats (PUFA), extraordinarily decreasing the gamble of cardiovascular sickness (CVD). n-6 PUFA-upgraded eats less, as opposed to SFA, results in quantifiably tremendous (p 0.05) declines in liver fat, proceeding away at metabolic status without setting off concerns, especially in people with stomach rotundity. (Marangoni et al. 2020).
Strength: intake of n-3 PUFA and N-6 PUFA in a proper ratio has beneficial effects like lowering blood cholesterol and low density lipoprotein which are responsible for cardiovascular diseases.
Weakness: This study has revealed that an adequate intake of low lower proportion of n-3 PUFA leads to different kinds of disorders in people.
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| Visioli, F. and Poli, A., 2020. Fatty acids and cardiovascular risk. Evidence, lack of evidence, and diligence. Nutrients, 12(12), p.3782. |
This study was aimed to find out the reason behind the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids and their benefits (Visioli et al. 2020). |
This research was based on the secondary data and experimental strategies (Visioli et al. 2020). |
N-3 unsaturated fat enhancements (1 g/day) didn't bring down severe coronary supply route sickness or disease in the critical review. An intensive examination tracks down significant outcomes for myocardial localized necrosis, including risk ratios of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59-0.90) for generally speaking events, 0.50 (0.26-0.57) for mortality, and 0.78 (0.73-0.95) for the percutaneous coronary intercession (Visioli et al. 2020). |
Quantifiably basic peril extents for percutaneous coronary intervention were immense (0.78, 95% CI: 0.73-0.95), passing from myocardial limited rot (0.50, 95% CI: 0.26-0.57), and hard and fast myocardial dead tissue (0.72, 0.59-0.90) (Visioli et al. 2020).
Strength: This study has highlighted the dietary intake of flax seeds, chia seeds and sesame seeds like vegetarian sources that contain unsaturated fatty acids in good amounts.
Weakness: maximum people don't know about the sources of unsaturated fatty acids and their significant role to prevent atherosclerosis.
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| Djuricic, I. and Calder, P.C., 2021. Beneficial outcomes of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health: An update for 2021. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2421. |
This research study had the goal to find out the role of PUFA in the prevention of oxidative stress and the inflammation that adversely related to preventing cardiovascular diseases (Djuricic et al. 2021). |
This study was a longitudinal cohort study and also used laboratory chemical analysis to detect the goal this topic (Djuricic et al. 2021). |
The most recent meta-examination of 38 experiments with a quantity of 811,069 participants shows the benefits of acids (LA) utilization for the cardiovascular structure. When evaluated by surveys or biomarkers, higher LA confirmation is associated with a rather lower threat of death from all causes (RR for 10% energy ingested through CI 0.73-1.05 and LA: 0.88, 95%) and expiring from infection (RR is for 10% the power use through CI 0.78-0.89 and LA: 0.83, 95%) (Djuricic et al. 2021). |
Each 5% upraise in calories from LA brings about a 7% lessened risk as per the direct relationship with cardiovascular sickness mortality rate (CI 0.91-0.95 and RR: 0.93 and 95%). Oxidative stress and inflammation both are responsible non-communicable diseases. (Djuricic et al. 2021).
Strength: omega-3 PUFA like EPA and DHA which are found in many food sources are responsible for the lowering risk of different non-communicable diseases including CVD.
Weakness: Maximum people have no idea about this.
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| Rizzo, G. and Laganà, A.S., 2020. The link between homocysteine and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid: critical appraisal and future directions. Biomolecules, 10(2), p.219. |
The aim of this research is about the relation of omega-3 fatty acids and metabolic disorders like CVD and confirmation about the significant role of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease (Rizzo et al. 2020). |
This method has applied meta-analysis and randomized clinical trials. It also took interpretivism and pragmatism (Rizzo et al. 2020). |
For a situation control research led in 2014, it was found that more established people with mental disintegration had lower serum levels of aggregate and DHA n-3 PUFAs contrasting with controls (p 0.05). DHA and entire n-3 PUFA levels were decidedly associated with mental capabilities. All out homocysteine levels for the situation bunch were more prominent than in the controls (19.92 2.70 versus 14.67 1.28 mol/L; p 0.05), and they were adversely connected with DHA and absolute n-3 PUFAs as well as well related the n-6/n-3 proportions (r: 0.522, p 0.001) (Rizzo et al. 2020). |
Evidence based results and hypothesis finally has confirmed that the omega-3 fatty acid has a prior role in therapeutic and preventive case of CVD (Rizzo et al. 2020). Crucial role of PUFA especially omega-3 fatty acid on metabolic changes responsible for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Strength: omega3 PUFA is a reliable source for all common people and by using this in diet may therapy results the cure from different metabolic disorders like cardiovascular diseases.
Weakness: In most cases people are avoiding the good source of this fatty acids and the ways and patterns of omega-3 that is way it cannot absorb in our body.
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| Nguyen, Q.V., Malau-Aduli, B.S., Cavalieri, J., Nichols, P.D. and Malau-Aduli, A.E., 2019. Enhancing omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content of dairy-derived foods for human consumption. Nutrients, 11(4), p.743. |
This research aimed to find the source of omega-3 fatty acids in milk and milk products (Nguyen et al. 2029). The consumption of milk to get omega-3 fatty acids that are responsible for the different preventive disease conditions. |
This research was based on laboratory chemical analysis of different sources of milk from ruminants (Nguyen et al. 2029). |
Huge cardiovascular benefits are given by n-3 PUFAs, especially in bringing down the gamble of coronary illness (CHD) (Nguyen et al. 2019). Enhancing with improved DHA canola oil has been demonstrated to lessen the gamble of CHD by upgrading pulse, high-thickness lipoprotein cholesterol, and fatty substances. Past meta-examinations show that raising n-3 LC-PUFA admission essentially brings down the gamble of kicking the bucket from CHD by 10-30%. |
These outcomes feature the n-3 PUFAs' capacity to lessen CHD risk by gainfully affecting atherosclerotic and cardiovascular wellbeing. The three long chain omega-3 fatty acids including ALA, DHA, and EPA have an important role in decreasing the risk of chronic diseases like CVD.
Strength: Human diet mainly contains low amounts of omega-3 fatty acids but this study has brought another way to increase the source of essential fatty acids in the human body (Nguyen et al. 2029).
Weakness: people who are on a vegan diet are avoiding milk as a source of omega-3 fatty acids.
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Table 2: Summary of Literature (Topic 2)
Reference list
Journals
Barber, T.M., Kabisch, S., Pfeiffer, A.F. and Weickert, M.O., (2020) The health benefits of dietary fibre. Nutrients, 12(10), p.3209.
Barrett, E.M., Batterham, M.J., Ray, S. and Beck, E.J., (2019) Whole grain, bran and cereal fibre consumption and CVD: a systematic review. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(8), pp.914-937.
Djuricic, I. and Calder, P.C., (2021) Beneficial outcomes of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health: An update for 2021. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2421.
Evans, C.E.L., (2020) Dietary fibre and cardiovascular health: a review of current evidence and policy. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(1), pp.61-67.
Li, S., Flint, A., Pai, J. K., Forman, J. P., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Rexrode, K. M., Mukamal, K. J., and Rimm, E. B. (2014) Dietary fiber intake and mortality among survivors of myocardial infarction: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 348, g2659
Marangoni, F., Agostoni, C., Borghi, C., Catapano, A.L., Cena, H., Ghiselli, A., La Vecchia, C., Lercker, G., Manzato, E., Pirillo, A. and Riccardi, G., (2020) Dietary linoleic acid and human health: Focus on cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects. Atherosclerosis, 292, pp.90-98.
Nguyen, Q.V., Malau-Aduli, B.S., Cavalieri, J., Nichols, P.D. and Malau-Aduli, A.E., (2019) Enhancing omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content of dairy-derived foods for human consumption. Nutrients, 11(4), p.743.
Reynolds, A.N., Akerman, A., Kumar, S., Diep Pham, H.T., Coffey, S. and Mann, J., (2022) Dietary fibre in hypertension and cardiovascular disease management: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC medicine, 20(1), p.139.
Rizzo, G. and Laganà, A.S., (2020) The link between homocysteine and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid: critical appraisal and future directions. Biomolecules, 10(2), p.219.
Visioli, F. and Poli, A., (2020) Fatty acids and cardiovascular risk. Evidence, lack of evidence, and diligence. Nutrients, 12(12), p.3782.
Watanabe, Y. and Tatsuno, I., (2020) Prevention of cardiovascular events with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the mechanism involved. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 27(3), pp.183-198.
Xu, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Qi, H., and Wang, P. (2022) Associations between dietary fiber intake and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: a prospective study. Journal of translational medicine, 20(1), 344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-022-03558-6Bennett, A., 2019. The 14th Hugh Bunting Memorial Lecture, John Madjeski Lecture Theatre, University of Reading, Wednesday 13 November 2019 Smarter foods–the future for our diets, health and the environment. Ag4Dev39: an open issue, p.4.
