Decarbonising Domestic Heat Assignment Sample

Introduction toDecarbonising Domestic Heat In The United Kingdom: Pathway To A Net-Zero Carbon Emission Economy

1.1. Overview of Chapter

This assignment's main purpose has beento analyze decarbonising of the United Kingdom (UK)'s domestic heat by achieving net zero carbon emission. The UK has set a target to attain net zero carbon emissions by the year 2050 (HM Government, 2021). Thus, this research is intended to provide an examination and assessment of the UK government's measures that are designed to achieve this objective.

1.2. Introduction to Chapter

The object of this research study is the measures taken to decarbonise domestic heat, primarily in the UK. Decarbonisation of the heat process is aimed at achieving a low amount of carbon percentages generated from any domestic heating equipment. Waite and Modi, (2020) stated that the process promotes climate diversity systems, and it helps to take care of electricity system capacity in any region. Peak loads of electrical systems can be managed through the decarbonization of heat. On the other hand, it is found that heat carbonisation is quite challenging in the UK (Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee, 2022). However, the government of UK is encouraging its citizens to replace their fossil fuel heating systems into air source heat pumps or ground source heat pumps (Energy UK, 2023). This section discusses the reason for the rationality of this research study and its literature review section complied with the objectives of this study.

In any regular daily activity, heating procedures are the most common objectives, and traditional energy demands scarcity is commonly shown. Various types of climate-changing consequences are creating issues for maintaining any regulatory framework. This study tries to show different energy consumption-related points of view and establish a diverse framework for energy consumption. In this Conventional Domestic Heating System, various types of thermochemical conservation pathways are created (Chuayboon, and Abanades, 2020). As a result, these conventional domestic heating systems are generating greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.

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1.3. Background to the Problem

Decarbonising heating, as well as hot water systems, is considered one of the major issues in the UK, dependent primarily on methane gas. Concerning this, progression with heat carbonization has primarily lagged electricity. Heating homes is a significant donor to UK greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 13% of total emissions.This is compared to the UK's carbon emissions of all petrol and diesel cars. Fulfilling the UK Government's net zero emissions mark for 2050 will only be possible through complete decarbonisation of the construction stock.However, emissions from heat have fallen by 11% since 1990, largely of that was conducted by efficiency agendas and regulations in the time 2002-2012, in case decarbonisation continues at this pace, will reach zero emissions from facilities in 235 years and fall well short of encountering the 2050 target(Rosenow et al. 2020). According to Cowell and Webb (2021), policymakers, engineering professionals along with environmentalists have primarily identified heat carbonisation as a “stumbling block” concerning the path towards ‘net zero” emissions of greenhouse gas. Therefore, the UK is currently facing this major issue in the recent period. Moreover, identification of issues invariably comes with suitable acknowledgment primarily of its “seeming intractability”.

Figure 1.1: Heat Carbonisation in the United Kingdom

(Source: ukerc, 2023)

This research study significantly addresses a major ingredient of any kind of solution regarding heat carbonisation, which is determined as a creation of effective knowledge. Therefore, in cases of heat carbonisation, establishing such knowledge is quite treacherous as it exhibits all the qualities of “wicked problems”. For example, they are supposed main concerns that are not liable to detailed explanations or particular solutions of the type related to "linear cause-effect models of rational scientific analysis" (Cowell and Webb, 2021). Millar et al. (2019) stated that the UK has a proper District heating network system and it has good potential backup from the political climate and government incentives. Worldwide interconnections and proper planning try to make focus on developing heat carbonization systems. As opined by Baldino et al. (2020), the combination of SMR+CCS hydrogen as a process fuel gas could provide a 42%-61% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate the issues related to harmful greenhouse gas, in February 2020, the parliament of the UK significantly launched the “Hydrogen Task Force” with the target of establishing a mandate primarily for hydrogen boilers. This is for achieving 100% hydrogen mainly in heating. Concerning this, a committee of the UK regarding climate change has projected that “electrification” will be accountable for the majority of heat carbonization in the UK. Therefore, a crucial consideration is how a strategy of decarbonisation will influence heating costs.

Therefore, the deployment of such technologies is acknowledged as one of the chief actions regarding the decarbonisation of the heating sector. As opined by Renaldi et al. (2021), the government of the UK has significantly approached this challenge by moderating the disposition of "low-carbon heating technology". According to a survey of 2022, which was conducted by the Department UK for Industrial Strategy and business strategy now known as the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, it was reported that 78% of respondents primarily made utilisation of gas central heating as a method of heating during the winter months (Statista, 2023c). In the first half of 2020, the carbon intensity of global electricity generation continued its rapid decline and reached a historic low of 414.9 tCO2eq /GHz.In May 2020, the share of low-carbon sources in the global power mix reached a historic high of 47%, reflecting an increased share of electricity from low-carbon sources and a decreased share from fossil sources (Liu et al.2021). On the other hand, some increases in wind and solar generation were related to exceptional weather in some regions. Sustainable environmental practices and UK financial performances have a proper relationship. In addition, this measurement creates actual socio-climatic relationships (Boakye et al. 2020). Nuclear and hydro remained at prior-year levels and biomass, including geothermal, declined.

Additionally, carbon capture and storage (CCS) risks fossil fuel support and delays satisfying climate purposes for net zero blue hydrogens produced by steam methane reforming (Daruwala et al. 2022).

Therefore, to mitigate these issues the government of the UK has adopted necessary strategies for decarbonising domestic heat in the UK.

1.4. Aims/ Objectives

Aims:

The main aim of this research study is to examine and assess measures taken for “Decarbonising Domestic Heat in the United Kingdom.

Objectives:

• To understand emissions along with the current state of Domestic Heating primarily in the United Kingdom
• To assess Low-carbon Heating solutions
• To evaluate potential barriers to adopting these Low-Carbon alternatives
• To discuss Policy and Regulatory frameworks regarding decarbonising domestic heat

1.5. Rationale of the research

The research study is quite significant, as it will assist in exploring aspects of emissions as well as the present state of Domestic heating in the United Kingdom. On the other hand, research helps in the assessment of low-carbon heating solutions adopted by the United Kingdom. According to Britton et al. (2021), the increased usage of heating systems during the winter season has led to a 3.8% rise in domestic heat emissions between 2017 and 2018. it is reported that carbon dioxide has always played a dominant regarding the emission of greenhouse gas primarily in the United Kingdom.

Figure 1.2: Greenhouse gas emissions in the United Kingdom (UK) from 1990 to 2022

(Source: Statista, 2023b)

The above report reflects greenhouse gas emission decrease in the UK from 1990 to 2022. Due to the adverse impact of the emission of carbon, it is quite essential to discuss decarbonizing domestic heat in the UK for achieving a “Net Zero emission of carbon”. As it is seen that the UK was considered one of the major global economies towards legislating a target of achieving “net zero carbon emission by 2050”. As an initiative, the governments of the United Kingdom represent 45% atmospheric carbon removal process to achieve net zero carbon emissions (Kantzas et al. 2022). However, the UK might not be able towards achieving net zero targets without decarbonising residential heating. Deutch, (2020) Stated that this net zero 2050 goal is irrelevant for complete this task. Such issues are certain climate changes, and vegetation destruction backed by the decline of the whole economy due to the emission of carbon. According to the "Committee on Climate Change (CCC)", 29 million living homes will upgrade to "low-carbon heating systems" by 2050.The CCC estimates that fully decarbonising homes by 2050 would require an investment of around £250bn, equivalent to around £9bn per year from the end of 2020 to 2050 (gov, 2023 a). Most importantly, research is quite important as it shows the way the Government of the UK is required to perform with industry, affected workers as well as consumers towards producing a competent roadmap regarding the process of low-carbon heating.

It is reported that “decarbonising domestic heating” is considered a multi-faceted challenge and a prerequisite primarily for consumers towards switching over to minimum carbon heating technologies (Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee, 2022). This paper primarily initiates addressing experiences, responses as well as attitudes regarding weather and climate change. As opined by Harkness et al. (2020), the urgency regarding adapting “agri-food systems” towards new as well as altering climatic conditions that cannot be overstated, specifically in the context of related challenges of growing emissions of carbon backed by human populations.

Figure 1.3: CO2 emission in the United Kingdom

(Source: Statista, 2023a)

Therefore, this research study is quite significant as it discusses important programs launched by the UK for limiting the emission of carbon. Since 2000, government guidelines and marks have increasingly promoted a shift away from "fossil fuel-based heating systems" to renewable alternatives, such, as heating oil, and the replacement of multiple oil heating systems with heat pumps.In Europe, international architecture and projects speed up the heat transmission process (Abbasi et al. 2021). In the year 2001, the national climate approach framed agendas for heat decarbonisation, such as citing heat pumps act as an advanced technology whose utilisation could be expanded, particularly in newly developed buildings (Sovacool, and Martiskainen, 2020).At the same time, the energy efficiency requirements of new buildings were tightened by 30%. On the other hand, this study helps to evaluate all types of potential barriers regarding the adoption of “Low-carbon alternatives”.

Adoption of low-mission alternatives is based on certain factors such as cost-effectiveness, governance as well as technology related to management (Sharif et al. 2021). Energy-consumptions and ecological footprints process helps this sustainable growth agenda. These are considered major barriers for the UK towards reducing the emission of carbon. Concerning this it is reported that transportation-based CO2 emission in the UK has significantly increased by 10% (9.8 Mt) in 2021 towards 107.5 million metric tons (Department for Transport, 2022). Implementing strategies for reducing the emission of carbon by showing the way the Government of the UK significantly strengthened its climatic policies along with subsequently minimising its “greenhouse gas emission”. This paper primarily initiates addressing experiences, responses as well as attitudes regarding weather and climate change.

1.6. Problem Statement

Highlighted issues concerning the topic of this research study are that the UK is currently facing a growing concern regarding the emission of carbon. Due to this factor, the whole economy of the UK is suffering and is under potential threat in the form of flooding, sea level rise, loss of vegetation, and many more (Perks et al. 2023). At this present time, 47 billion metric tons of GHG are generating in all over the world which is a 43% increase from 1990 (EPA, 2023). In Britain, significant uses of natural gas are noted at this current time. However, due to the heat dwellings process gas emissions targets are reduced in nature (Watson et al. 2019). According to, highlighted that greenhouses gas emissions are 80% less form 1990 (Office for National Statistics, 2019). UK government decarbonizing's domestic heat-related policies generate threats for these issues. In climate-changing factors, CO2 emission is directly related to temperature enhancements (BBC, 2023). This is a certain problem statement in this research study, which is required to get addressed.

1.7. Research scope

The scope of this research study is an effective understanding of emissions and the present state of Domestic Heating in the United Kingdom. Most importantly, this research study helps in delivering effective strategies that are quite essential for controlling the emission of carbon. This study discusses policy as well as regulatory framework regarding “decarbonising domestic heat”. Another scope of this research is that it significantly discusses the “Heat and Building strategy”, which is adopted by the government in the UK for controlling the emission of greenhouse gas. Most importantly, this research study gives an idea about the effective utilisation of energy and deals with “direct emission” primarily from controlled sources.

Significance of the Research

The research study is quite a significant one as it effectively discusses the importance of decarbonising domestic heat for achieving zero emission of carbon by the UK. Apart from the climate risks, various types of social, and economic risks are attached to the emission of carbon. Corporate social responsibility and carbon performance are directly related to making any social growth. Major carbon mitigation activities try to implement in this research as well as all types of alternative decarbonization procedures are established in this situation. Alsaifi et al. (2020) stated the role of competitive disadvantage for achieve environmental initiatives.

According to a major assumption, decarbonising heat is quite critical primarily for climate change goals as well as minimising the emission of CO2 (Crowther et al. 2023). It is also reported from this study that the Government of the UK has significantly outlined actions toward supporting the “decarbonisation of heat”. This effectively emphasises the value of a place-based approach along with undertaking actions mainly at localised scales.

1.9. Summary

It is summarised from the Chapter 1 section of this research study that decarbonising heat is quite critical for achieving “climate change targets” as well as minimizing the emission of CO2.

This proposed research, focuses on decarbonising domestic heat in the United Kingdom to reduce carbon emissions. Four major objectives are chosen to achieve this aim of the research. As a research rationale, it can be identified that at this current time, the UK temperature is getting high for carbon consumption rates. The importance of the decarbonization process is elaborated in these sections. All types of UK policies and procedures are introduced for understanding carbon emissions in the UK region.

Literature Review

2.1. Overview of chapter

Climate change become the most important issue for government and for this reason they adopted zero carbon emission policy on the year 2019.In June 2019, UK government committed to achieve target of net zero by 2050 under “the Climate Change Act 2008 (2050 Target Amendment) Order 2019”(Parliament.uk, 2023). Here, the term “Net Zero” implies to reduction of emission of all greenhouse gasses that also includes Carbon. There are a range of policies that were introduced by UK government for reduction greenhouse gas emissions. In includes names like Green Finance Strategy (March 2023), British energy security strategy (April 2022) ,Transport decarborization plan (July 2021), Industrial decarbonisation strategy(March 2021), Hydrogen strategy(August 2021), Heat and Buildings Strategy, (October 2021), Energy net zero white paper(December 2020) and others(Parliament.uk, 2023).To achieve this, the UK government, introduced a decarbonization Policy and The Climate Change Act that commits the UK government law to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 100% by the year 2025 (Pareliussen et al. 2022). This includes reducing emissions from administrations such as Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales that currently account for around UK's emissions 20%.

2.2. Introduction

In June 2019, the UK became the world's first economy to adopt legislation committed to achieving zero net carbon policy by the end of the year 2050. The target of the “net zero” mission is to reduce all the greenhouse gases in the UK. The government of the UK also has committed to reducing emissions by 78% by the end of 2035 (Statista, 2023). The climate change committee of the UK has recommended a “Sixth Carbon Budget Report” that the government needs to pursue like- the expansion of low-carbon energy supplies, adopting low-carbon solutions, greenhouse gas removal, and reducing the demand for carbon-intensive activities (Cowie and Roberts, 2022). The people of the UK use diesel and petrol vehicles, which increases the domestic heat in the UK. The process of decarbonising domestic heat could be achieved effectively only if energy efficiency is delivered effectively (Rosenow and Eyre 2022). The “net zero” era of the carbon emission process is creating a new opportunity era for the UK. The overall energy consumption has increased over the past few years. The study will try to identify the current situation of carbon used in the UK and will provide low-carbon heating solutions. The study will help in finding out the potential barriers to the low-carbon adaption process. The government of the UK tries to help UK households in the process of dealing with the escalating costs of using gases to heat their homes. The study will also follow a proper theoretical framework and conceptual framework to reach the aims of the study. After that, proper findings of the literature gap will be discussed which will help to lead towards the conclusion part of the study.

Understanding Emissions and the Current State of Domestic Heating in the United Kingdom

During the winter season, the temperature gets below zero in most of the regions in the UK. People in the UK use domestic getting machines to heat their homes and to stay away from the cold. In the United Kingdom, heat supply in developing accounts for an estimated 40% of whole energy utilizations and 20% of carbon dioxide emissions (Gross and Hanna, 2019). According to a survey report, it can be stated that consumer satisfaction with natural gas boilers is extremely elevated.Gas-fired midway heating is inexpensive, gives an extreme peak level of heating comfort, responds rapidly during consumers adjust the needed heat, and is appropriate and confidential to both owner and installers (Outcault et al. 2022). According to, Field and Derwent (2021), in Europe, natural gas is the most dominant fossil fuel in domestic heat use. The fuel replacement of natural gas could be very beneficial for zero carbon emissions. Therefore, a greener and better approach is needed to solve this problem. On the contrary as per the view of, Gross and Hanna, (2019), many of the domestic heating machines in the UK are from low-carbon sources. This literature follows the “Emission Theory”, this theory obeys the relativity principles by consisting of no frame preferred for light transmission (Loveless, et al. 2022). The existing homes in the UK use natural gas-fuelled domestic heating machines. The “Nord Stream 2 gas pipe” is currently causing a crisis of natural gases in the UK market (Szikla et al. 2020). In addition, a question arose about the security and supply process of these gases for domestic uses. The constant crisis of natural gases in the market in the UK causes the increasing cost of energy bills. On the other hand, Sovacool and Martiskainen, (2020) have proposed the entire transition process of carbon footprint reduction requires a lot of money and technology. It is reported that from 2025, primarily under the “Future Homes Standard”, installation of “natural gas boilers” mainly by house builders will get banned. This implementation of the policy that will be adopted by the UK will effectively help the country towards achieving net zero emissions of carbon. Instead of this, the new norms primarily for new homes in the UK are likely to be heat-pumped (Woodfield and Pullen, 2022; EDF, 2020). However, it is noted that the United Kingdom witnessed a significant fall in the emission of carbon dioxide, and it is due to a reduction in gas primarily for heating buildings (Woodfield and Pullen, 2022).

In the domestic sector, most of the heat-generating activities are generated from electricity and gases. The domestic heating process includes various types of heating like- water heating, space heating, and cooking (Boesten et al. 2019). As reflected by, Sevindik et al. (2021), space heating plays an effective role in carbon emission and operational energy, to address this situation the implementation of heat pumps and low-carbon technologies has become very important. Among these three sources, the most amount of heat is generated from the space heating process then comes the water heating, and at last the cooking process.

To meet the emission reduction commitment the deep reduction of the greenhouse gases in the air is also needed. Domestic heating technologies that use – biogas, electricity, and hydrogen, have a lot of potential in reducing carbon footprints (Contributor, 2020). Around 80% of the total heat demand in the UK has been applied by natural gas. The gas demand could convert into the heat demand by multiplying depending on the efficiency of the boiler (Peacock et al. 2023). According to Lund et al. (2019), the government of the UK may work with the consumers, affected workers, and industry to achieve an effective road map that will provide the details of the transition process of low carbon heating. The generation of low-carbon electricity and the necessary infrastructure is required for reducing the carbon footprints.

On the other hand, Bertelsen and Mathiesen, (2020), have signified the process of replacing the heating systems which use natural gas is very much important to lower the amount of carbon energy heating sources.

According to the one-third amount of the UK's annual report the heating sector causes of creating the maximum amount of carbon footprints in the UK. The housing stock of the UK has a poor rate of thermal efficiency (Nguyen et al. 2019). Two-third amount of household in the UK either suffers from problems like – dampness, overheating, and drafting. Hence, energy efficiency improving is very vital to reduce the emitted amount of carbon and energy. It will help to reduce electricity bills and thermal comfort (Energy Systems Catapult, 2023).

Assessing Low-Carbon Heating Solutions

According to the future home standards of the UK, homebuilders will be banned from installing heating systems in-house which use natural gases by the end of 2050 (INSIDE HOUSING, 2021). According to Rahmani et al. (2019), households in the UK need to adopt new technologies that could provide heat to the houses without producing a lot of carbon in the air like- smart fridges, and smart ovens which can cook faster and use low energy, smart dishwashers which could save energy and money. On the contrary, Terlouwet al. (2021), has claimed that electric heating technologies are very much appropriate to achieve a very deep reduction in the carbon emission process. New technologies like hydrogen, electricity, and biogas technologies have a lot of potential to contribute to the transition process of low-carbon heating. As the most demanding energy sector to achieve net-zero targets, potential pathways to decarbonize heat include replacing fossil fuels with electricity, low-carbon energy,hydrogen, andvectors that will be developed from zero-carbon energy for renewable energy. Renewable energy structure has currently faced important advances in resource evaluation, technological advancement, cost cut-off, and structure design. Current proceeds in RES describe in the literature with hybridization and cross-sector combination as well as developing integrated structures and adequate resource judgment methods. The electricity and hydrogen technology mixture helps to deliver zero-carbon heat (Aunedi et al.2022). This literature follows the “legitimacy theory” to reach the aims of the study. This theory is very much important to carry out different activities by society's norms and boundaries. It focuses on the interaction with the society to solve any social problem. The legitimacy theory hypothesis is quite similar to various speculations like partner theory and political economy theory (Mucheru, 2019). For example, contemporary social problem complexity has been noticed as a reason for the development of mediators who effort to shape the specifications and responsibilities of diverse roles and to legitimate understanding to make it valuable (Cowell and Webb, 2021).

It will help to extend the sustainability beyond the level. The use of electric heating appliances produces no direct greenhouse gases. The use of low-carbon electricity is also very essential because a lot of greenhouse gases are produced in the process of converting electricity from non-renewable resources. The process of electricity generation is extremely crucial. The electric space heating devices convert the electing current into heat. There are many types of electric heating machines present in the market like- convection heaters, domestic electric underfloor heating, heat pumps, infrared radiant heater, and fan heater (Faraj et al. 2021). The heat pumps are very effective and efficient electric heating solutions that can easily achieve an efficiency of around- 150%-600%.

Heat pumps use electric motors to drive the reverse process of refrigeration. It uses electric energy in a far better way than direct electric heating. The heating process, which uses hydrogen power, is also very much effective to reduce carbon emissions. The combustion of hydrogen does not produce any kind of greenhouse gases. The uses of the existing infrastructure or boilers could be much more cost-effective than heat pumps if they are possible to run on a lower amount of carbon fuel. The hydrogen-based heating technologies produce mainly water in the burning process. The moderate adjustment of the heating machines at home could mix the natural gas and water which could help in generating the heat at a lower cost (Baldino et al., 2020; Hydrogen Europe, 2022).

Hydrogen-based heating machines use a fuel cell to convert energy. In this fuel cell, the hydrogen is not burnt; it generally reacts with oxygen and produces heat and electricity. The fuel cell heating system uses the combined energy of heat and power (Olab et al. 2020).

Biogas heaters use the natural occurrence of methane gas to produce electricity and heat at a lower utility cost. Low-carbon heating systems are primarily those that effectively release minimum or zero carbon mainly into the atmosphere. Irrespective of utilizing fossil fuels such as oil and gas this low-carbon heating system obtains heat primarily from sustainable sources such as ground, sun as well as plant-based organisms (Feroskhan et al., 2021). Therefore, for decarbonizing domestic heat in the UK it is found that the country follows several techniques for effectively achieving this target. Such techniques are heat pumps, biomass, solar water heating as well as combining technologies (Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee, 2022). The most prominent low-carbon heating solution is “solar water heating” as this system effectively makes utilization of called collectors and solar panels, which are fitted to the roofs (GreenMatch, 2019). Drax made significant planning regarding delivering “12 million tons” of CO2 removals every year by the end of 2030. Therefore, subject to the right engagement with the government of the UK, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) primarily DRAX power stations can significantly eliminate 8 million tons of carbon dioxide by 2030 (Politico, 2023).

The recovery of heat from the exhaust gases helps to increase the efficiency of the “combined heat and power”, which is used to generate electricity from the biogas. The biogas heating technology utilizes waste materials. The biogas heating systems are very much efficient for domestic cooking purposes (Miller, 2013; IEA, 2020; Last, 2019). By Roussanaly et al. (2020), there is no chance of any kind of carbon production in the heat-generating process (Black et al. 2021). Biomass and feedstock are used for generating bioenergy. Solar thermal technologies absorb the sun's heat and then transferred it for useful applications such as heating the buildings. As stated by Babacan et al. (2020), switching to renewable energies offers the most effective mitigation for zero carbon emission. Solar energy is a renewable energy source, and it does not produce any kind of greenhouse gases in nature. The buildings can be easily designed to capture the passive solar heat by bushing technologies like “solar photovoltaic modules”.

Evaluating Potential Barriers to the Adoption of These Low-Carbon Alternatives

The greenhouse gases and carbon emissions increase global warming which influences climatic change. The adoption of low-carbon technologies in the domestic heating system will help to reduce the carbon footprints in the UK and will also help to establish the “net zero” policy (Ofgem, 2021). However, some barriers are affecting the adoption process of low-carbon heating technologies. This barrier reduces the probability of the process of adaption (Dimplex, 2020). This literature follows the “Systems theory” to reach the aim of the study. Most of the buildings in the UK use domestic heating machines that need natural gases to generate electricity, around 80% of the residual buildings in the UK use natural gases (Statista, 2019). On the other hand, as per Gordon et al. (2023), technical barriers are also a kind of barrier that could affect the decarbonisation process. Potential barriers to reducing carbon emissions are cost effectiveness, governance as well as technology related to management. However, the “Climate Change Act” mainly committed the government of the UK by law towards minimizing the emission of greenhouse gas by 100% of “1990 levels (net zero) by 2050 (Climate Change Committee, 2022). Moreover, it consists of reduction emissions primarily from devolved administrations, which presently accounted for almost 19.98% of the UK's emissions.The operational expenditure, market conditions, and limited access to financing these financial barriers could affect the implementation process (GOV UK, 2020). Rafique, A., and Williams, (2021) opined that ashift towards a low-carbon heating framework will need transformations in most homes and will therefore need government intervention to meet powerful public participation. Toovercome these types of barriers, plans such as RHI and FiT have been included. However, the application of these plans itself has been questioned by administrative hurdles, management challenges as well as cover funding arrangements.

The technical barriers to the decarbonisation process include limited availability of raw materials, a limited amount of technical integration, and the risk of unsuccessful development are the different factors that could create the technical barriers. The deployment process of decarbonisation technologies could result in increased substitution of fossil fuels (Pisciotta et al. 2022). Renewable energy supplies need to be delivered in the form of electricity that either could be directly consumed or could be indirectly consumed by hydrogen technology. The risk of unsuccessful development in the technical barrier refers to the failure of achieving an economically sustainable result (IRENA, 2019). The administrative barriers refer to the limited availability of skilled staff, issues that are related to the management process of the transformation, and issues with the intelligent management of the properties. The availability of qualified staff refers to the pre-condition factor which influences the success of the process. The qualified and skilled staffs are very important factors for the development of decarbonising factors (Kempken et al., 2021).

Another barrier could be the social barriers. The social barriers of the decarbonisation process refer to a limited amount of permanent CO2 storage, the burden of local taxes, uncertainty regarding carbon contracts, and others. The capacity for the restoration of CO2 is very much limited in the UK (Hong, W.Y., 2022).

This kind of barrier can easily be observed in the renewable energy installation process, the action of decarbonisation could affect the structure of the local fees and taxes. This generates an economic uncertainty, and it will increase the risk of investment. The recent “national framework conditions” is not fixed by the government for the long term. This is a subject that could change rapidly in the coming years. The carbon contracts aim to hedge a higher price in the future. If the “strike price” surpasses the “market price” the state covers the difference (Elavarasan et al. 2022).

Policy and Regulatory Frameworks in decarbonising domestic heat

Decarbonisation Policy refers to the process in which the decrease in the proportion of carbon, mostly carbon dioxide stated as ‘CO2', and sent to the atmosphere. An objective to accomplish the low-emission economy of a global is to obtain climate objectivity through energy adaptation (Deloitte, 2023). According to Abbasi et al.(2021), there is an important circumstance in the decarbonising policies in a certain way in which the technology choices are obtainable which is being required in the scale and has a tolerable cost. Decarbonising heat is, hydrogen is one of the choices for decarbonising industrial heat for applications as well as for the use of carbon which is captured according to storage and utilization. The capturing of the carbon dioxide being emitted by the manufacturing products, cement, and steel can help to decarbonize a high-temperature process.

Decarbonisation of the heat and the cool is for raising the environment which is being recognized as essential for achieving energy and for changing the target of the climate. It is stated by Pursiheimo et al. (2022), there one of the technologies, the Heat Pump is highly validated as well as utilized for European heat as a decarbonisation path. To reduce the carbon emission from heating and cooling buildings fossil-fuel systems heating should be converted into building technologies that are directed or undirected by the source of renewable sources. The major cleaning technology is from the air source, which is heat pumps, pumps from the ground source, along with the solar thermal systems and, the wood pellet furnaces.

The government of the UK is now trying to adopt new technologies to reduce carbon emissions. Policymakers want to decrease carbon emissions by adopting low-carbon heating solutions (Gross and Hanna, 2019). It is referred to by Grainger and Smith, (2021), that the greenhouse gas emission process is closely related to the production of energy.

In this thematic analysis, this model is appropriate for the “Sustainable Business Model Theory” It refers to the change a firm applies for creating positive strategies or to decrease the negative effect on society and its environment (Nosratabadi et al., 2019).

The manufacturing industries can lower their carbon emissions by reducing the usage of energy, logistics should be reviewed, and packaging should be reduced along with the recycle. Renewable and waste heat is being shared by the citizens which is being served by District Heating. It is most important which is being noted that this analysis is bounded to the solitary status of policies and the shares that can be considered anticipated for the deficiency of data. Despite this data, historical developments and other factors can be taken in the direction of the account which is being discussed (World Economic Forum, 2022; Spiller, 2021; Mckinsey & Company, 2022)

As per White et al. (2022), despite the constraint, this paper can be assessed for the different policies in the frameworks and can be identified as the finest implementation for District Heating. To evaluate the relevancy of the various policies, it is compulsory to have an organized viewing of the possibilities for designing the elements for every characteristic of the policy. Hence, we have described and categorized the designing elements for developing the classification for the several forms of support that measure that it is affecting the District Heating.

As per Chenic A? et al. (2022), the massive development of the industry of energy in the UK and the implementation of transmissions that contains high voltage current transmission and distribution creates a lot of air pollution. An essential key component for European heat decarbonisation is anticipated for being achieved by accumulating the allotment of electricity that is used for the heat and electricity for the time being that is decarbonised. The scale and speed that is required for heat decarbonisation cooperatively mean that the challenge for heat has appeared transformational in nature and can be connected closely to other non-heat types of elements in the energy system that includes the power and sector of the transport.

The transformation for heat is limited by the renewable gap in energy by the support of heating. According to Streimikiene et al. (2020), support for the policy can be needed for households, and low-carbon heating costs are expected for being higher than the alternatives of fossil fuel.

Theoretical Framework

2.7.1. Legitimacy theory

Legitimacy Theory is the generalized conception that an action of an establishment that is proper, desirable, and appropriate with some socially is constructed in the system of standards, beliefs, values, and definitions as well. The Legitimacy theory explains the roles of the behavior of an organization by implementing and developing the elective social and environmental revelation of the information which must be fulfilled in their social arrangement that can enable us to recognize the intentions in the survivance in a turbulent environment (Mucheru, 2019). The hypothesis of this theory is essentially that it is reactive in nature, by the implication of the organization that can be attempted to line up their operations with the communicative standards.

2.7.2. Systems theory

System Theory seeks an explanation for developing the hypothesis through the characteristics that can occur within complex systems that seemed but were not able to arise in a particular system as a whole. The system keeps the properties evolved by interacting with the environment. System theory focuses on organizing the relationship allying the parts that can connect them to the whole world (Kent and Li, 2020). The purpose of a system theory is to model the system's conditions, relations, constraints, and dynamics for elucidating the principles that are being noticed and can be applied to different systems at all levels for nesting the broad range of fields to achieve maximum equifinality.

2.7.3. Stakeholder Theory

The stakeholder theory advises that shareholders also known as financial advisors are one of those many groups that an organisation must serve. As per this theory, anybody that is influenced by the organisation or its methods in any way is considered a stakeholder. The stakeholders are the employees, consumers, suppliers, local communities, environmental associations, governmental organisations, and others (Hörisch, Schaltegger, and Freeman, 2020). The theory argues that organisations or corporations should perform the right actions towards all those stakeholders that would lead to achieving long-lasting success. The implication of stakeholder theory is that if the environment is carbonised due to human activities, then the greenhouse gases would also affect the employees, customers, organisations, and corporations as all of them are a part of the environment.

2.8. Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework implementation is considered to be a very effective framework for the business which helps to achieve sustainable goals and also helps to achieve net zero carbon emission.

Enhance overall environmental sustainability

Enhance the quality of environmental-economy

Figure 2.1: Conceptual Framework

(Self-Developed)

2.9. Literature gap

It is found from the literature review section that apart from policy frameworks as well as effective strategies for minimizing emission of carbon there is a lack of discussion of cost-effectiveness and other things, which is required to get discussed. On the other hand, there is an existing literature gap regarding policy gaps, which are required to get identified. There is a lack of discussion regarding immature supply chains, which significantly hinders the “deployment of low-carbon heating technologies”. The skill gap is primarily among the worker, which is required towards delivering “low carbon heating technologies” (Karpathy et al. 2022). Deployment “oriented policies” also required to get implemented such as “Renewable Heat Incentive”. The literature gap is also regarding the exploration of the burden primarily on consumer actions, which is needed at the household level.

2.10. Summary

This study has identified the current situation of carbon use in the UK and the reasons for transitioning to low-carbon heating solutions. The UK uses domestic heating machines that are fuelled by natural gas boilers. The complete transition process of carbon footprint reduction requires a commitment by government of large funds and technologies. In this domestic sector, most of the heat-generating activities are generated from electricity and gases. The generation of low-carbon electricity and the necessity of infrastructure is required to reduce carbon footprints. Heat pumps use electric energy in a far less carbon intensive way than direct electric heating. The gases of the greenhouse and the emission of carbon increase global warming which influences climatic change.

Decarbonisation Policy refers to the process in which the decrease in the proportion of carbon, mostly carbon dioxide which is stated as ‘CO2', and sent to the atmosphere. Decarbonisation of the heat is an essential goal that must be met in order to create a sustainable environment. Legitimacy Theory is the generalized conception that an action of an establishment is proper, desirable, and appropriate. System Theory is seeking for an explanation for developing the hypothesis through the characteristics that can occur within complex systems. The stakeholder theory implies that if the environment is damaged due to human activities, then in turn humans too would have to face the consequences as they are part of the environment.

Methodology

3.1. Overview

Interpretivism research philosophy and secondary data collection method is chosen for this research.Data is collected from scholarly articles. The already existing data and information that are easily available in the secondary sources helps to describe and define the trend and current situation of decarburizing domestic heat. This research follows deductive research approach and qualitative data analysis.

3.2. Introduction

The methodology is an essential part of research as this helps to drive the whole research systematically. All study significant aspects are emphasised helps to foster the appropriate evidence concerning the investigation justification. It allows researchers to gather a vast amount of authentic information and data that helps to supply relevant information on the decarbonising heat through achieving net Zero carbon emission in the UK.

3.4. Research Philosophy

Here interpretive research philosophy is used and with proper affection, the whole research is conducted with the help of this. This philosophy actually interprets study elements that are involved in a study, and it brings out interesting things in research. Interpretive researchers often conduct their research through consciousness, languages, instruments, and shared and social meanings. Social science's positive criticism is the main key to development of interpretive philosophy. This philosophy emphasizes more qualitative analysis than quantitative analysis, and Max Weber was the first to introduce this philosophy publicly (Hashmi et al. 2020).

The major reason behind choosing this particular research philosophy here is to make the entire research conducted within the estimated time. Apart from that, the uniqueness of the literature has also been used in a formative manner in this particular research. It has successfully included all the necessary variables and through a proper discussion, this research philosophy has successfully entitled the requirements. As per the mentioned opinion of (Fulton et al. 2020), interpretive research philosophy assists the researchers to convey the core understanding of the literature as well as offers a great deal of recognition of each small factor in the research. These are some of the initial reasons that this particular has been conducted with the help of interpretive research philosophy.

It is not only UK but all over the world facing this problem; throughout the world decarburizing is a major problem that is increasing global heat. UK was the first to legislate a focus on ensuring zero carbon emissions by the year 2050 (Helm et al. 2020). Residential heating is coming in the way of UK to achieve target in a proper manner. This research is conducted to find out the importance of zero carbon emissions from households. Main target of this research is to alert public of UK to understand value of a healthy environment all over the world. This country in current time facing many health issues regarding air pollution such as asthma, lung cancer, and other respiratory disease. Without people's concern, it could be impossible to do this job; governments and common people must join hands to make a wall against carbon emissions. People also have to be aware about the bad sides of carbon emission, and then they could collaborate with government on this process. Because common people are also a main reason for carbon emissions, many household activities like cooking, using cars, refrigerators, and AC is taking important parts in carbon emissions. Through this research, one can understand the paths in those carbon comes out of household and pollute air and method that Government and people take to resist it.

This research also becomes a help for those who are also finding causes of carbon emissions because of household activity. Many researchers from all over the world taking interest in this topic, especially after the announcement of UK about their aim to prevention of zero carbon emissions (Pencheon, 2020). This study paper is full of authentic information like scholarly articles, news articles, and journals; therefore, it is also an authentic source of information itself. This research is also a motivation for future work that is going to be conducted because of environmental purposes. Those environmental activists, who are searching for air pollution causes and making movement regarding this. This paper provides some ethical issues regarding carbon emissions and a diagnosed solution that could solve those problems. This research finds the positive points of government's decision about carbon emissions. It is obvious that government has a whole plan regarding this, and the effect must be positive.

3.5. Research Approach

Inductive and deductive approaches are two research approaches that help to assemble reliable correct data. However, in this study, deductive research approaches have been picked as this provides supportive proof of the investigations by providing a particular point of view on multiple existing theories. The research approaches play an essential role in conducting a systematic investigation and generating reliable findings. It encompasses the methods, techniques and strategies that are employed to gather and analyse data. A well-planned research approach helps to assure that the study objectives are described. This helps to abide attentively and bring suitable method design to achieve those objectives. It also helps to robust the study by expanding the credibility and reality of the findings. It completes involvement carefully in determining relevant information gathering (Newman, and Gough, 2020). It also permits other researchers to recount this investigation that is vital for validating the outcomes and establishing previously conducted findings. Thus, it can be stated that it confirms research consistency and facilitates the investigation community to develop a strong evidence base. Iovino, and Tsitsianis, (2020) stated that it concerns the logical reasoning techniques implications to experiment with existing theories and bypass entire new theories' considerations. In case the researcher considers new theories then it can misguide the perspective of the investigations by generatingspurious generalisation.It pursues a top-down technique, beginning with broad hypotheses or theories and then looking for secondary data evidence to authorise them.This is act as a logical and structural method that is based on practical observations as well as data analysis. Kellehear, (2020) remarks that, as a theory-driven approach, it establishes detailed research questions. This help to narrow down the analysis scope by addressing proper research critical variables that ought to be examined. The generalised findings are founded on the border population aspects as well as context. Testing hypotheses via utilising systematic approaches helps make interferences about broader populations beyond the specific sample studies. Additionally, applicability and objectivity can be emphasised through this approach's implications. However, it may encounter unanticipated conclusions that are slightly preferable for investigating unexplored or complicated research phenomena (Auda, 2022). Thus, through the application, this needs to be extremely carefully through considering retire questions as selecting proper approaches. That would be adequate to align with the research's proper goals.

Lobe et al. (2020) opined that in this approach, Qualitative data has been employed as this procedure basically takes participation if theory formulations by considering previously done analyses or experiences. it helps to locate all the reliable sources for gathering trustworthy data.It assists in researching idea and premise that concerns searching posted literature, archives, databases and other sources that incorporate research relevant applicable and traditional data. It obliges in the variables designation depicted as welfare that supports data strategy establishment.Roller, (2019) states that, the plan delineates distinct statistical techniques or tests that are utilised for data analysation and examination of established hypotheses. This takes participation in diverse result comparisons that help to deliver proper proof on a suitable theoretical framework. This characterises initial proposals' denial, modification and advancements. Employing this research approach helps to critically estimate and synthesise aforementioned introspections, and determine patterns or voids in knowledge (Lester, Cho, and Lochmiller, 2020). Introspections in research help to maintain the whole process of research. The experience level of researcher helps to maintain the actual track of research. The thoughts of researcher related to carbon emission are clearly reflected through this research (Xueand Desmet,2019). The feelings, mental images as well as personal experiences of researcher clearly demonstrated through this research. It has contributed to theory development. Its rigours and objectivity in secondary research help to construct informed inferences and derive meaningful insights from existing data sources.

3.6. Research Design

Abu-Alhaija, (2019) states that basically, three research design Exploratory, Explanatory and descriptive design has been chosen. Here, to conduct in a secondary way, the research design is followed by a descriptive method. This proper structure focuses on the descriptions and characteristics explanations. Research successful conduction is based on a properly organised research structure that has been gained from maintaining research entire analysation protocols. Ruggiano and Perry, (2019) state that, it leads the research towards goal achievement with smooth conduction. The complete research design depends on philosophical and technical selections. Through this, the whole research can meet its main purpose. On the contrary, Smith (2019) opined that It also helps to define particular populations or subjects' behavioural phenomena.It focuses on document monitoring as well as aids in the contemporary essentials analysis and links without any type of modification or manipulation of the information. It is a helpful process that gathered all the valuable insights that are based on the behaviours and characteristics of the relevant informative information. Through this, large quantities of instructive data have been accumulated to contribute highly to existing interpretation in their individual fields.Besides this, it has substantial to acknowledge the apertures within the descriptive analysis. Additionally, it believes in its relevance to the investigation query that helps to lead directly towards the aim. In this aspect, Lester, Cho &Lochmiller (2020) states that its primary goal is to provide all query answers that are regarding the current state or recently happening things instead of making focuses on the effect and cause connection establishments. Often the gathered data utilises special demographic aspects, groups or colonial problems. Through this, it helps to gain adequate design framework insights (Sileyew, 2019). Bedside this it assists to summarise, analyse and explore all the illuminating information or data for addressing all the patterns, associations and trends.

The primary benefit of this type of analysis design is to gain the ability to supply accurate detailed and subjective portrayal information. On the other hand, Thomas (2021) States that, the gathering data has been amassed through surveys, observations or interviews or through existing secondary data resources. This design is especially applicable in market research, psychology, epidemiology and social science. In order to achieve a satisfactory design several common techniques are utilised. This design has been made in a way that makes the research cost-effective as well as time efficient. According to the opinion of Snyder, (2019), through implication, large data have been gathered rapidly with maintaining all the ethical standards. Therefore, the descriptive methodology design offers a practical method for investigating existing relevant data to portray and comprehended a distinct sensation on the topic of decarbonisation of domestic heat through aiming for Zero carbon in the UK. Whereas the other two types of design, help in the explanation of suitable variables in different aspects or help to illustrate the pre-demonstrated characteristics. Thus, for this study analysation and smooth delivery, Descriptive is more suitable rather than the other two.

3.7. Data Collection

In this research, secondary collection method is used for examining the research questions and answering the research questions. Secondary data collection is a technique of collecting the information that is primarily used on the research topic. This information or data collection is different from the actual user or the actual data collector. Secondary data collection methods mean that information is already available, but this information will help to renew the information and add new innovative ideas to the research topic (Braithwaite et al.2021). This secondary data collection is reporting that the information is already available including many journals, magazines, newspapers, and many sources.

There are many examples of secondary data collection methods such as social security data and tax records. These data collection methods will help to recognize the research topic and examine the new ideas and create new innovative ideas for the research that will help the researchers in this research. These data collection methods will help to recognize the environment of the country and the usage of harmful gases and the lifestyles of the country's people so that it will help the researchers to target the actual reasons for carbon increase and find the resolution for decreasing the carbon percentage in the gases.

In this research paper, a secondary data collection method has been taken and it helps to analyze the most reliable and significant information getting from the internet (Isbell et al. 2022). The already existing data and information that are easily available in the secondary sources help to describe and define the trend and current situation of decarburizing domestic heat. The secondary research is also very significant because it is based on the tried and tested clear data that is analyzed and filtered more than once. There are some advantages of secondary data collection methods such as - maximum information and data being easily available from many sources, this is also a low expensive and low time-consuming method and does not cost more if collected from genuine sources; a low cost is associated with collecting data. The information that has been collected through the secondary method provides an organization or business group with an idea about the advantages of the primary research. Secondary data collection method is quicker to drive out because of the already existing data. It can be completed within a few days to weeks depending on the aim of the project or scale of information needed.

This research is conducted under ethical considerations, ethics-valued research in case of human rights, scientific integrity, collaboration, and dignity. Therefore, this research maintains all rights reserved and no humans or animals were harmed during this research. This paper supports exactly the “Copyright Act”, “GDRP 2018” and "Data Protection Act” as this helps to maintain participants' confidentiality(CopyrightService, 2023). Rights of this research are preserved under the Act of (Public Records Act 1958), and any kind of violation of this rule could be a violation of rights (Pencheon, 2020). During the process of data, collection (Freedom of Information Act 2000) has not been violated. No human is harmed emotionally or physically, and all the rules and regulations have been followed in this research. In case there is something that harms any person it is a total mistake, and it is not conducted intentionally.

3.8. Summary

This topic can be concluded by saying that it is a blessing step for humankind taken by UK government. Many people are becoming aware because of official statements declare by government. Though decarburizing is a difficult task because of country's size, challenges, scale, and complexity. According to CCC (Climate Change Committee), 29 million homes need to be checked for carbon emissions by 2050. This research methodology is introduced first to the topic that is going to be presented. After a visual presentation of the research onion is presented, philosophy of this research is presented, and the research approach is described. Then the research is going through its design and data collection process. The last research is concluded with a summary.

Findings

4.1. Overview

Findings reveals that UK is not taking part in serving with high carbon emissions as they are taking into consideration the Gas central heating, LPG central heating, Oil central heating. Carbon emissions could be reduced by reducing the quantity of heating with the utilization of the required heating measures. Certain institutional barriers such as renovating the existing building in the UK in order to make them more carbon efficient create hurdles.

4.2. Introduction

This chapter is dealing with the findings of the above discussions in the context of the decarbonising measures of domestic heat in the United Kingdom. The discussion has been considered in order to promote a net zero emission of the carbon molecules of the United Kingdom. Thus, the findings of the research have been elaborated in this chapter in order to have a clear understanding of the current state of the country, along with the applicable solutions for reducing the emissions. There is a discussion of the potential barriers associated with the decarbonisation measures for implementing the solutions effectively.

4.3 Qualitative analysis

4.3.1. The current state of Domestic Heating in the United Kingdom is low

It has been observed that carbon emissions in the winter season go down below the level of zero in some of the regions. This is the outcome of the usage of domestic getting machines in order to get rid of the cold. Thus, it can be said that carbon emissions are generally low in the winter season. The people in the UK are fond of using natural gas boilers, and gas-fired midway heating. This implies that they are satisfying their needs mostly from the use of natural gas stating that this is the most dominant fossil fuel in the domestic heat use. Thus, it can be said that the country is not taking part in serving with high carbon emissions as they are taking into consideration the Gas central heating, LPG central heating, Oil central heating, Renewable central heating and Infrared central heating measures (Redwellinfraredheating, 2020). There are several benefits and limitations of these measures. Stating the benefits of Gas central heating, it can be said that it is the most commonly used system in the UK that is the cheapest option. These are capable of heating large housing complexes and are more powerful than electric boilers. There is no need of having gas storage considerations and it is not affected by power cuts. Apart from these benefits, the heating has several limitations as well including the pricing range for installation. It is not considered a clean source of energy and produces carbon dioxide (CO2).

LPG is also used by most people in the UK as it is cheaper than the use of oil or gas. Although being useful, it has some limitations as well, such as running out of LPG can be inconvenient. This is due to the people in the UK having to wait longer in order to get availed with the LPG. Apart from this, the annual rent for the LPG is included with the purchase or rental of the tank from the supplier. Thus, the government of the UK has stated consideration of not installing heating systems that burn oil or solid fuels. Giventhe benefits of electric central heating, it can be said that thermostats can be used for controlling the temperature of heat generation (Redwellinfraredheating, 2020). This can help in automatically cutting off the power supply as per the requirement or due to overheating. This system, on the other hand, is more expensive than the use of gas as it uses three kilowatts of electricity per hour. This implies that the electricity prices are four times higher than the gas. It has been observed that around 40% of the power stations are utilizing gas instead of electricity. As a result, an increase in the price of gas may affect the cost of electricity. Thus, electricity can be considered as a less ecologically friendly substitute for gas.

Stating the benefits of the use of oil central heating systems in the UK, it can be stated that the fuel can be kept in stock at the time of lower price rates. It can also be stated that the use of oil can be efficient in modern condensing boilers. Apart from this, the limitations of this heating measure are more than the benefits. The first limitation of the use of oil is the price of the oil that can be affected by political unrest, weather conditions and surges in demand. Installation of these systems can be expensive and due to high demand, the availability of the system is a delaying process that can create inconvenience (Redwellinfraredheating, 2020). There is a requirement for storage as it cannot be installed underground. This fuel is also not considered a clean source of energy. The renewable sources of energy that are used by the country as fuel can be the most efficient ones. This includes the use of biomass boilers, solar panels, air-source heat pumps and ground-source heat pumps. This can have a positive impact towards reducing carbon emissions in the country. The government of the UK has estimated a reduction of carbon emissions by 78% by the end of 2035 (Gov, 2021). Thus, in this regard, renewable energy sources can contribute to a great extent.

It has been found that most of the heating sources in the UK are from LPG, and they utilize central heating to keep themselves warm in the winters. More than 80 per cent of the properties in the UK are connected to the gas grid, but four million of them are not connected to the grid and use other sources of energy. Around two hundred thousand houses use LPG as their choice of fuel, for room and water heating and it is on the rise. There are houses that run on solar or wind energy but they are few in numbers, also LPG is quite adaptable source of energy and is used to power all domestic appliances, cookers up to boilers.

Lastly, the benefits of the infrared heating systems state that these are easy to install, and the required heating experience can be achieved within a short time interval. It can save 50% of the energy in comparison to conventional heating systems. These systems do not require annual maintenance and can be silently operated. It does not circulate any dust particles and the heat emitted is not affected by draughts or open windows and therefore long-lasting (Gov, 2021). Stating the limitations of this system, it can be stated that it requires space around the heating panel. The only negative impact of this system is the initial expense.

4.3.2. Solutions are being provided for the low-carbon heating measures

There are many solutions that can be considered for reducing carbon emissions in the country. This can be done by reducing the quantity of heating with the utilization of the required heating measures. These measures can be increased by evolving rapidly and investing in modern, easy-to-use controls is a good way (Wang et al. 2022). This can be done by using thermostatic radiator valves in order to set the timer for utilizing the required set of heating measures for reducing carbon emissions. This can be applicable to all types of heating systems, including electric storage heaters (Energysavingtrust, 2023). Secondly, there can be the use of upgradation in the heating system in order to save the electricity bills. In this regard, the lowest carbon option is to install a renewable heating system that can be included with the air source or ground source heat pump. Heat pumps can be run with the help of electricity as a result can be termed as more efficient than gas boilers (Angelidis et al. 2023). This can drastically contribute to reducing the carbon emissions in the country. However, there is a need to get the consultation of the installer in order to access information regarding the best heating controls.

For instance, there can be the use of insulating the home as the energy used by the people in their homes is also contributing to the increase in carbon emissions. There is a need to insulate the home in order to cut back on heat waste and reduce carbon emissions. This is required the walls, roof, and floors of the house to be insulated (De Mel et al. 2023). Insulting the building can also be beneficial including the exposed hot water pipes that can help in keeping the house warmer in winter. This can also be helpful in lowering electricity bills along with cutting emissions of carbon. In this regard, the homes with cavity walls are easy to get insulated rather than the older homes that require solid wall insulation. Draught proofing is another measure that can be used to increase energy efficiency. This needs to be done as there might be gaps around the windows and doors along with the floorboards or up there on the chimney (Calver et al. 2022). This needs to be proofed as they become the cause for losing heat through the gaps. Draught-proofing these areas can be cost-effective measures and can be used to save energy and reduce the household's carbon emissions.

There can be the use of low-energy lighting in order to increase the efficiency of the utilization of energy in homes. This can be done by increasing the use of modern LED bulbs as this consumes less energy in terms of traditional light bulbs. This can contribute to lower carbon emissions along with electricity bills as well. There is a need to replace all LED lights with traditional lighting so that it can help in reducing almost 65kg of CO2 emissions per year (Xiang et al. 2022). Thus, the country can step towards a sustainable economy in the future. In this regard, additionally, there can be the utilization of energy-efficient appliances along with the using ways to heating homes can also be considered. This requires small changes in habits on a regular basis in reference to lowering temperatures and airing clothes in a single line instead of using a tumble dryer (Daruwalaet al. 2022). Thus, it is required to choose energy-efficient measures in the budget in order to reduce domestic carbon emissions.

In addition, there is a need to introduce low-carbon travel measures as this can increase carbon emissions in the environment. Since, the Covid outbreak in the year 2020, there are many people across the country that took active participation in the carbon reducing measures. This has been done by switching the transportation measures with walking or cycling over short distances. With the emerging restrictions, people have started to travel more freely as a result, carbon emissions have begun to creep up (Aunediet al. 2022). This can be effectively utilized with the use of switching towards an electric car as it can have zero tailpipe emissions. This can help in cleaning the quality of air by lowering the CO2 emissions that are usually emitted with the use of petrol or diesel. Apart from this, there is a need to introduce the reduce, reuse and recycling measures as manufacturing measures of a product also exerts carbon footprints. This can be reduced by reducing the amount of consumption and recycling the products not in use (Famigliettiet al. 2023). In this regard, there can be utilization of the tool termed WRAP in order to recycle the goods efficiently and effectively.

Most of the houses in the UK are heated by gas boilers, but almost 20 per cent of the carbon emissions are generated by these gas boilers. Lowering the carbon emission generated by the gas boilers can be done in two ways first, looking for an alternative source of fuel for the gas boilers. This means that the current fuel used by the gas boilers must be replaced which is a non-renewable source of energy(Theguardian,2023). The solution requires an enormous investment in research and development in the field of renewable sources of energy. The second solution is weatherstripping the houses, it is an affordable way to refine the energy efficiency of a house by closing air leaks through doors and functional windows by sealing the movable joints when the door or windows are closed.

The first method is a long-term solution and requires heavy investment from both the government and private organizations. It is also a permanent solution, the amount of money required to decarbonise is around£250bn that would start from the year 2020 up to 2050(BBC,2023). Individual people could not be able to involve themselves in the first solution, it requires the collaboration of government, private entities, and international organisations. The second solution does not require the involvement of the government or other big groups, it is based on individual efforts. The investment required for this solution is very low and the process is quite simple, but it is a temporary solution.

4.3.3. The barriers to the implementation of the low-carbon emission measures are being analysed

The barriers in this regard can be included financial barriers, technological barriers, and knowledge barriers. The financial barriers can be included in the research and development measures on public surveys for reducing carbon emissions domestically. This can be done by considering relevant journal articles from different sources in order to get relevant information regarding overcoming measures from the financial barriers (Hellenicshippingnews, 2023). There can be the utilization of the measure of establishing partnerships with the government in order to reduce carbon emissions as per the policies and procedures framed by the government. Apart from this, there can be the utilization of cost-effective energy sources that can reduce carbon emissions as well as financial spending can help in reducing the financial barriers.

Secondly, the technological barriers can be stated that there is a need to introduce efficient technological advancements that can contribute to reducing carbon emissions. This can be done by introducinggreen/cool roofs, dynamic/high-performing glass, and smart grids/smart meters (Zhu et al. 2023). This can become a barrier as there can be the issue of financial downfall. As a result, there is a need to collaborate with the local suppliers in order to get availed with the technological advancements with ease. This can have a positive impact towards posing a healthy society with net zero carbon emissions. In the technological advancements, there can be the consideration of solar panels or solar heaters to generate domestic heat that can be termed as energy efficient and will not consume energy in the nighttime. This is due to the rechargeable measure adopted by solar appliances that get charged in the daytime and provide full service during the night. This can be a helpful measure in reducing carbon emissions but the main issue with the implementation is the high price of the solar products that is not possible for every individual to implement in their housing complex.

Knowledge barriers are the most important measure that needs to be considered in any aspect. The decarbonisation of domestic heat needs the consideration of knowledge for planning and understanding the potential requirements for implementation. Thus, it implies that there is a lack of awareness regarding the decarbonisation measures in most of the regions in the UK that needs to be identified. Apart from the identification measures, there is a need to organise awareness campaigns and educate individuals about the need for decarbonisation (Cowell and Webb, 2021). This can help in upbringing sustainability measures in the surroundings and promote the well-being of the country as a whole. Furthermore, the knowledge can be enhanced with the help of efficient research and development measures. Thus, this will consider the financial needs to be met that as well can be termed as a barrier. There can be consideration ofCallon's concept of knowledge ‘frames' in order to have a clear explanation of the innovative measures that need to be implemented for the purpose of decarbonisation. There can be the use of the EnergyPath Networks (EPN) and Local Area Energy Planning (LAEP) tool of the Smart Systems and Heat programme. This can help in reducing energy consumption through domestic heat measures (Cowell and Webb, 2021). There is a need to consider the real-life case scenarios for gathering knowledge regarding the efficient implementation of the decarbonisation measures for reducing domestic heat. Problem definitions and solutions for heat decarbonisation can be the cause of a lack of technical–economic knowledge within the authority. This can be termed as a barrier in the implementation of decarbonisation for further progress with the wicked problem and must become more context-responsive predominantly. Thus, this implies there is a need to have adequate knowledge regarding the matter of concern to resolve the issue with all sorts of efficient measures.

The government of the UK is trying to implement various methods to lower carbon emissions but there are many obstacles. There are certain institutional barriers such as renovating the existing building in the UK in order to make them more carbon efficient. The materials that are used to make buildings have been found to have high amount of carbons that contributes to 25% of carbon emission across the world(Statista, 2023). A lot of architectural and engineering work is needed in order to make the structural components of a building having lower level of carbon materials.

4.3.4. Compliance with the Policy and regulatory framework in decarbonizing domestic heat

The information that has been gathered is basically used to set the policies and regulate the framework for domestic heat control. The policies are based on climate change to meet the mitigation for a long-term project by applying the strategies for decarbonization including significant conservation of energy at different phases for fossil fuel conservation (Zhang, and Cheng, 2022). Renewable energy sources act as a substitute source for heating as it focuses on the consumption of Biomass to generate power. The heat pumps that were set up in 2005 for cooling and heating acted as the mechanism for decarbonizing the cooling and heating industry in the past decades. The modern system integrates the system for heating as the Urban setting for the neighborhood making it more cost-effective. It needs to be analyzed carefully in relation to the case of decarbonization. Technologically advanced countries such as the UK is potential enough in generating revenue out of this system.

Modern cooling and heating systems integrate for more than decades as the natural energy that has been in use is considered the main reason for generating these types of ill effects. Followed by local solutions the communication problem is the main reason behind the issue of boosting cost effectiveness. For more than decades the system of cooling and heating has been continued considerably as a fuel for driving the fuel and for converting coal, gas, and oil into a system for implementation (Burdick, et al. 2022). Implications have been possible as the feedstock, health, and land carbon need to be accessed further. Gross consumption of energy in 2020 has accounted for energy saving this persisted in playing a significant role in the efforts to meet the headline prescribed by the EU for saving 20% of energy. The heat produced is the emission of energy having chemical properties for converting heat into electricity.

Accounts related to sharing of information related to cooling and heating provide the space for heating the space and the water meeting the demands of the industries. About 60% of the demand needs to meet the cooling system with the consumption based on the agriculture demand. The industrial and residential demand for Cooling and heating was below 10% from the annual average of eleven as seen in the year 2005 to 2009. In spite of the Covid pandemic resulted in suppression of industrial activities and resulting in lowering the need for industrial heating (Jafari et al. 2022). As heat is valuable energy for meaningful support and ending the uses of the hearing that generates carbon in the atmosphere these emissions increase the effect of the greenhouse effect. These need to be controlled by the application of the particular framework. the energy that is been supplied to the industries and houses needs to be monitored by applying the policies for controlling decarbonization.

The UKs' target to reduce greenhouse gases has been achieved by lower it down to 20 per cent in the year 2020 compared to the year 1999. The entire Europe is planning to further reduce carbon emissions and achieving it by the year 2030(The Guardian, 2023). The nation has come up with some national decarbonisation strategies for cooling and heating strategies those includes energy saving measures. The national authorities have also observed that the transition from non-renewable sources of energy to renewable sources of energy has been very slow. The common people of the UK are conscious of the problems of environment and the market shows a huge demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products.

4.3.5.Applying the identified solutions for decarbonization of domestic heat

Meeting the energy demand for cooling heating has been rising over the years and has accounted for a 50% increase in this new era. The energy consumption based on the global platform is 40% of emissions in which the content of Carbon-di-oxide gas is much more. This level of consumption is harmful to protecting the climate and cost efficiency. Pumps for heating and cooling the water are lowering the cost of heating and utilizing the process president in the industry. Renewable energy can be used for generating electricity. On a large scale this method if used will automatically reduce the cost of electricity manufacturing and controlling the carbonization in the atmosphere.

Heat pumps will enable the coupling of the surpluses in balancing renewable energy for decades to come. The application of technology will be robust and efficient as it is an extremely reliable source for decarbonization. As the heat pumps increase and lower the temperature by using the resources such as air, water, and electricity. The use of high temperatures will transfer the need for decarbonization. The basic principle that has been set closely loops for compressing the cycle of refrigerant (Grubert, and Zacarias, 2022). The expansion of fluid from solid needs the consumption of heat produced from energy. This helps in measuring the ratio of heat output and energy input.

The compressor is the heart of the heat pump which is the most crucial part of energy consumption making the heat pump act friendly both for the economy and for the climate. This helps in meeting the demands based on the conditions designed for controlling the space requirements and temperature while heating (Rosenbloom, and Rinscheid, 2020). High heating temperature requires the consumption of more energy ensuring the supply of steam inside the pipe facilitating the heating process. From this heating, the vapor created can be stored for further conversion into water.

The solution based on the overview is by applying more heat to convert the water and heating it to meet the needs of humans requires the consumption of power. The supply of temperature suitable for heating starts at the range of 60 degrees Celsius and reaches a height of 280 degrees Celsius (Arent, 2022). This power is used for the conversion of liquid into water with an average consumption of 10 megawatts MWTh facilitating heating with 90 MWth per unit consumption. This has been designed for meeting the specific needs through district heating is preferred as it facilitates the economic, environmental, and social factors.

A large scale of operations helps in upgrading the sources of heating for treating the swage and treating the plants that intake the river water for the use of operations in manufacturing. This helps in reducing the emissions generated from Carbon-di-oxide enabling electricity generated from the heat supply. This integrates and balances the electricity consumption making the energy system more efficient and flexible.The experts around the world are suggesting to plan for long- term rather than for short-term duration, as this would give the government dynamic options that would create the ground for future development. This method would help in reducing the damage to developmental patterns and investments which could become unsteady in a carbon limited world(World Bank ,2023). The process starts from lowering the dependency on fossil fuels use in plants for generating electricity. Improving the availability of clean energy across various regions to lower the demand for fossil fuels. Protecting the nature's carbon sinks by afforestation and land protection methods that in turn absorbs extreme amounts of carbons.

4.4. Summary

The overall study states the findings based on the analysis of the current state of Domestic Heating in the United Kingdom along with framing solutions are being provided for the low-carbon heating measure. There is the consideration of the barriers to the implementation of low-carbon emission measures. Apart from this, the findings have also spread light on the policy and regulatory framework for ecarbonizati domestic heat. There are measures stated for the application of the solutions that have been identified by overcoming the barriers. Thus, the research has fulfilled all the measures in promoting a clear understanding of the fact that it is important to have ecarbonization measures in the UK. This can lead to further growth and development of the country with zero carbon emissions.

Conclusion and recommendation

5.1. Overview

This research concludes that UK was one of the first significant international economies to enact a goal to gain net zero carbon emissions by 2050, but the UK will not switch its net zero aims if it does not decarbonize household heating. It is recommended that to reduce the domestic heat the UK administration should take some decisions such as less use of carbon, and other greenhouse gases like CFC.

5.2. Summary of research findings

The research has described the present situation of carbon used in the UK and the cause for giving low-carbon heating resolutions. The UK uses household heating devices that are fuelled by natural gas boilers (Trojanowskiet al.2022). During the winter season, the temperature gets down to zero in most of the countries and regions and places in the UK. People in the UK use household devices to heat their residences and to remain out from the cold(Chapman et al. 2022).In the United Kingdom, heat reserve creation accounts for an estimated 40% of full-power applications and 20% of carbon dioxide discharge. The UK was one of the first significant international economies to enact a goal to gain net zero carbon emissions by 2050, but the UK will not switch its net zero aims if it does not decarbonize household heating (Walk, 2022).

The research has described that controlling the carbon emission for residential heating is a challenging job due to the functions, difficulties and expenses of the work. The “Climate Change Committee (CCC)” has expressed that there are 29 million living houses that require to be boosted to low and soft carbon-releasing heating systems by 2050. This is critical to the reality that the UK's accommodation supply is one of the ancients and most harmful protected in all of Europe, with only 16% of accommodation being made since 1990(Norris, 2022). Future home standards of the UK published the information that builders will be restricted from establishing heating systems in the home using natural gases by the end of 2050.

The greenhouse gases and carbon discharges rise global warming which affects climatic change and also sea level change. The assumption of low carbon discharging techniques in the household heating system will allow for a decrease in the carbon imprints in the many regions of the UK and could also support the installation of the “net zero” carbon and greenhouse gas policy. On the other hand, a few obstacles are influencing the beginning procedures of low-carbon emission functions(Delikonstantiset al.2022). This obstacle decreases the possibility of the function of adapting new scientific ways to control carbon release.

Decarburization policy supports reducing the amount of carbon mostly carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the environment(McLaughlin et al. 2023). Different types of technologies such as heat pumps and other machines are positively supported as well as operated in the United Kingdom and the other surrounding places to control the carbon emission or discharge in the atmosphere as a decarburization way.

5.3. Realization of objectives

Objective 1: “To understand emissions along with the current state of Domestic Heating primarily in the United Kingdom”

Considering the realization of the objective, it can justify that domestic heating issues have increased due to the effect of carbon emission. According to the report 2022, about 14% of carbon emission from the UK has created a negative impact on the UK economy(Irfan et al. 2022). Based on the objective of the study, it has discussed a wide discussion in the previous section. According to theobjective, it has followed the “Carbon emission theory”to support the entire discussion and propose the entire carbon transition processes.

Objective 2: “To assess Low-carbon Heating solutions”

Low carbon emissions considered an organized approach that helps to gain strategic advantage and proceed to zero carbon emission (Afolabiet al. 2022). Considering the objective, this study has developed an understanding of how to reduce carbon emissions and build essential steps to reduce the amount of used fuels. Following the “climate changing act, 1990” reduction of carbon emissions in the UK contains multiple strategies that will allow overcoming such barriers in the current economy. Considering the potential barriers in this economy a broad discussion has been discussed in the above scenario with supported evidence. However, a realization of the objective has shed light through the entire discussion that has developed in this study.

Objective 3: “To evaluate potential barriers towards adopting these Low-Carbon alternatives”

The technical obstacles to the decarburization method contain limited accessibility of natural products, a fixed quantity of technological unification, and the hazard of failed growth are the many elements that could increase the technical obstacles about the installing of low-carbon alternatives. The realization of this objective has shed light on the zero-emission mission esteemed by the UK government(Curran et al.2022). Another barrier could be the social and cultural barriers; the social barriers of the low carbon emission process describe a restricted amount of permanent CO2 storage. Different potential barriers and domestic heating issues have discuss with supportive evidence.

Objective 4: “To discuss Policy and Regulatory frameworks regarding decarburizing domestic heat”

Considering this objective, decarburizing process describes the process that reduces the amount of carbon, greenhouse gases mostly carbon dioxide released to the environment. Hydrogen is mostly preferable for decarburizing industrial heat for functions as well as for the use of carbon stored for the depository and other uses. The stored carbon dioxide will be discharged through the fabricated products, some products such as cement and steel type things can support decarburizing a temperature climate process that is high for the huge carbon emission in a short time.

5.4. Recommendation

Recommendation 1: Much more investment in the enhancement of renewable heating technologies

Considering the research, it can recommend that investment in renewable heating technology will enable to maintain sustainability and create positive changes in the UK economy. The whole research paper describes the negative impacts of carbon emissions and the policies and processes of controlling carbon discharge or decarburization. Enhancement of renewable energy will help the process of net zero carbon policies. The UK government should take some essential steps such as using other less effective gases for example hydrogen instead of carbon dioxide to conduct the many functions in the industrial areas. In addition, the UK government should use another renewable heating process for decarburization.

Recommendation 2: Support for energy efficiency measures to decrease domestic heat

It can also recommend that, to reduce the domestic heat the UK administration should take some decisions such as less use of carbon, and other greenhouse gases like CFC, methane and hydrocarbons because they always increase and enhances the heat in households as well as the environment also harms the ozone lawyers in the lower atmosphere.

5.5. Research limitations

In this research, due to lack of time, it was impossible to conduct an interview survey, which resulted in not getting the actual data and we were not able to collect fair responses from the researchers. Highering the response by using the method is missing in this research. Secondly, due to the absence of a personal interview survey, the researchers were not in a position to observe the changes related to behavior ((Zhang, and Cheng, 2022)). Proving the answers were missing simultaneously from the projects. Comfortable environment research does not help the researchers to understand the ground-level combats and difficulties.

Secondary data used in this research prevents the researchers from specifically solving the questions based on which the research has been made. This type of data is biased in nature as it is easily accessible so alternative changes or duplication is possible related to data (Burdick, et al. 2022). The budget for this research was less and the amount required to be spent does not meet the needs of the research. As the time allotted for the completion of this research does not is very less in reference to the research activities that need to be executed. Adequacy of data has been used as this is not relevant to the research conducted above.

5.6. Future Scope of Study

Most of the identified data present in the writing has a greater scope of presentation in an affirmative way. The former section which is crucial for identifying the limitations is based on the research with the limitations found by the researcher (Jafari et al. 2022). Next time if this research is conducted again the researchers have the scope of performing the research concisely and evaluating the facts for studying. This reframing of the concepts is a way to enhance further research. Research should be conducted in such a time period so that all the points can be covered very efficiently.

The guidelines set for this research are based on the rules and regulations. This inspiration of research should not have deviated at any cost. The findings must be based on the study and should be solely focused on further research scope. The research if performed next time must strictly follow the theoretical models and should apply different theories during research (Grubert, and Zacarias, 2022). The support received from the researchers and other personnel must be dealt with the persons having literacy. Research with the help of educated personal helps in better completion of the research.

Next time based on geographical research the researchers must follow the primary data for research and the testing methods used. Minimizing the geographical risk helps the researchers to conduct the research smoothly without any delay. The methodology that has already been used in this research must be kept aside and new methodology should be used for better execution of research activity (Burdick, et al. 2022). An affirmative way of research should be conducted to achieve the discussion in a proximal time period. The research if conducted for the next time must identify and mention the probable areas to meet the scope of the research.

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