Autism Care for Adults in the UK: Research Overview and Insights Assignment Sample

How Do Health And Social Care Providers Deliver Safe Treatment And Care To Adults With A Diagnosis Of Autism With Moderate/profound Learning Disability And Behaviors That Challenge

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

“Autism Spectrum Disorder” is a developmental disability of human beings that can create differences in normal cognitive power and learning. Taking care of ASD patients is critical for the specific needs of the patients. Based on that, this research highlights the process of care of the caregivers for the ASD-affected adults. On the other hand, the objectives have been included in the study that gives rise to the structured research questions. The research rationale has been included in the process along with the research significance. The research structure has also been incorporated in the study that highlights the study infrastructure.

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1.2 Background of the research

In the United Kingdom, there is 1 in every 100 people that are suffering from autism, and according to statistical measurement, almost 700,000 autistic adults and children can be seen. Autistic people can have difficulties with non-verbal as well as verbal language and gestures with the tone of voice (Autism.org.uk, 2021). Limited speech provisions can be seen among autistic people and treating them is a very much sensitive aspect for the healthcare specialists, nurses or caregivers and the people in a community. They can appear insensitive and with strange behaviour to other people and sometimes this can be misleading for other people.

Figure 1.1: The prevalence and rising rate of autism in the UK

(Source: Escher, 2020)

The major progress has been seen in the case of the treatment and care of autism-affected people and the caregivers along with parents have a great role in treating the autism patients. According to the lookout of the World Health Organisation, people are getting aware of autism disorders and they are characterised by some kind of difficulties in communication and social interactions. However, the prevalence of autism is rising in the current years and 1 in 36 children is seen to be affected with autism (Richter, 2023).

Figure 1.2: The rate of autism in the UK

(Source: Richter, 2023)

1.3 Research problem

It has been seen that the treatment and care of Autism affected patients whether they are children or adults is not done properly. The problematic demeanours or behaviours can be seen by the affected person and assessing or understanding them is very critical to social caregivers or the nurses in hospitals. According to the view of Rogge and Janssen (2019), it has been seen that in order to make the patients calm, the caregivers often take the help of restraints which are physical or mental. The challenging conduct of autism patients can be problematic and in that situation, the situation can be controlled with scientific measures.

1.4 Aim and Objectives

Aim:

The main aim of the study is to identify the process by which caregivers provide treatment and care to adults with moderate to deep learning disability or Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objectives:

• To consider how caregivers comprehend the problematic demeanour of autism-affected adults
• To analyse and apprehend contemporary degenerations of caregivers of autism-affected adults
• To estimate the procedures care providers operate to reduce the challenging conduct of autism-affected adults

1.5 Research question

• How do caregivers comprehend the problematic demeanour of autism-affected adults?
• What is the interpretation of active, proactive and reactive approaches whilst methodically sustaining secure care and therapy in community domains?
• How many caregivers operate a “Restrictive restraint audit” in their assistance?
• How do caregivers fulfil the sensory demands of autism-affected adults in order to decrease behaviours?

1.6 Rationale

It has been seen that the hospitals or the healthcare sectors that specialised in specific disorders use the “Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) study” for assessing the issues and level of disorder among autism patients. In the year 2014, it was seen that 16.8 of children in every 1000 or 1 in 59 children were diagnosed with ASD (Feldman, 2019). In that situation, the care for the children is not adequate and the care for adults is also not going better.

Figure 1.3: Autism rate in the US

(Source: Feldman, 2019)

The caregivers of the autism patients are assigned with daily life work such as feeding, and nursing, along with cleaning and therapy. In addition to that, the understanding of the need is a major duty for caregivers. According to the propositions of McCormack et al. (2020), it has been seen that the situation of autism patients is so critical and confusing that the caregivers often do not understand their requirements. Sometimes, respite care services are needed for autistic patients that can help them to get help. The support groups in society can also help them to bring mainstream life.

1.7 Research Significance

The research is highly significant in contemporary times as the number or rate of autism patients is increasing and the treatment or care format is not known to the common people which can be very much challenging for the patients and their families. With the help of this study, the steps that are taken by the caregivers of autism patients and the process of understanding the challenging behaviours are also known. With this aspect, the patients can be made easier with mainstream life and that can be helpful for recovery. In the forthcoming life autism patients can also make progress with a basic situational trial.

1.8 Research structure

1.9 Summary

From the above discussion, it can be summarised that the rate or percentage of autism-affected children and adults is increasing. The treatment options or the care format is not understood by the common people and that increases the risk of misbehaviour with the patients. In addition to that, caregivers in the healthcare sector try to understand their issues and situations and with that approach, they can decide which method of care can be applicable to the patients. The comprehension of the behaviour is critical for the nurses and in that case “Restrictive restraint audit” can be used by the care providers in order to tame the patients in their excited situation.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Autism disorder spectrum in adults is a serious issue to consider across the globe. Studying this topic can help a lot of people. A lot of new health and social care providers can collect a bunch of information from this study. More Autism-affected patients have been taken good care of properly after properly reading this study. In this part of the study the concepts, overviews requirements, and other related things have been discussed. The care and safe treatments provided by health and social care providers to adult Autism patients will be discussed. Three kinds of Autism disorder treatment such as reactive, proactive, and active, have been highlighted. Restrictive restraint audits have been mentioned along with their requirements. The sensory needs of adult autism-affected patients have been mentioned. The necessity for fulfilling such sensory needs have been mentioned as well. This study has been based on secondary information collected from different sources. The Information collected might be a little old. Working with primary data could help improve the collected data.

2.2 Concept of Autism and Perception of healthcare providers

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental and neurological condition that impacts the way people interact with others, speak, understand, and act. As said by Kirby and Payne (2023), autism is also known as “spectrum disorder” because there is vast divergence in the type and harshness of signs individuals experience. As said by Divan et al. (2021), People of all races, genders, nationalities, and financial backgrounds can be detected with ASD. People with ASD may interact, share, interact, act, and discover in ways that are diverse from most other people Although ASD can be a lifelong illness, treatments, and assistance can enhance a person’s ability to restore daily functioning. As mentioned by Bradshaw et al. (2021), usually, children exhibit signs of autism within the first 12 months they were born. A slight number of children seem to grow naturally in the first 12 months and then go through a duration of degeneration between 18 and 24 months of their age when they start showing symptoms of Autism.

Healthcare professionals play a vital role in the identification, diagnosis, and continued support of autistic people across all ages, both in regard to autism itself and to physical and mental health. As told by Zhao et al (2019), To perform these duties, healthcare professionals need a good level of autism knowledge, in addition to showing faith in their skills and an open and supporting mindset to enable contact exactly to this population’s requirements. As opined by Kirby and Payne (2023). The current literature shows considerable variability in methods, actions, and outcomes, which is challenging to solve across disparate analyses. Examinations have not recognized any current assessment of the present evidence base. This study, therefore, desires to systematically observe and study evidence on healthcare professionals' proficiency, self-effectiveness, and perspectives toward working with autistic people. A mindset towards autism scale permits researchers to differentiate between more general perspectives towards disabilities and typical perspectives towards autism.

2.3 Overview of Proactive, active, and reactive autism treatment

There are mainly three kinds of autism treatment, Proactive, active, and reactive. The overviews of these treatments are discussed below. As mentioned by Pesonenet al (2021), the Proactive treatment of autism consists of giving clear and simple instructions, giving rewards for good deeds, descriptive praise, giving positive attention, visual support, etc. Providing visual support such as giving a red-green board, and a first-then schedule can help someone understand what’s coming next or the proper order of work. Also, as said by Green et al (2022), giving rewards after the completion of certain tasks can help in building interest also. Giving simple choices can help also. Giving simple instructions can improve their behavior. Encouraging someone and letting them know what they are doing well can help improve an Autistic individual’s behavior.

Consulting Psychiatrists or Licensed psychologists can help in the active treatment of Autism. In some circumstances, other certified mental health experts such as social workers may also deliver official ASD examinations. An official diagnosis may be needed to protect connected costs such as therapy through the health insurance provider. It may also help to prepare for governmental protections and agendas, though these can change by circumstances. As opined by Nuskeet al.(2023), a psychiatrist may also prescribe an Autism affected patient medication. This could assist to reduce symptoms of conditions like stress or depression, which occasionally happen with ASD. Social workers can play a vital role in helping autistic people. They may be friendly with local aids and self-help classes. Some social workers can deliver support as case managers, allowing them to encourage proper mental health and medical care. However, as said by Veselinovi?et al.(2021), adults aren’t customarily offered the same aid as children with ASD. Sometimes adults with ASD may be treated with verbal, mental, and used behavioral treatment.

2.4 Requirement of restrictive restraint audit in Autism Treatment

Any intervention that is utilized to determine the rights or freedom of movement of a person with a disability, and contains mechanical restraint, physical restraint, chemical restraint, and seclusion. As stated by Brede et al.(2022), for mentally challenged patients, restrictive restrain is necessary because on many occasions they refuse to take any kind of treatment. A restrictive restraint audit is necessary for that reason. As opined by Fuller et al (2023), for not having any particular rules for restrictive restraint, medical workers try their own methods which cannot be suitable sometimes. For this reason, a particular audit for restrictive restraint is needed. So, a series of particular rules will be followed in future if an Autism affected individual or mentally challenged patient needs restrictive restraint for treatment. The following types of restrictive restraint are applied to Autism affected patients.As mentioned by Fuller et al.(2023), Suppressing a person by surrounding your arm/s around their upper and or lower body is one of the main restrictive actions taken by health providers. Forcing a person into a face-up or face-down position can also be helpful in order to calm them. As said by Fuller et al.(2020), Restraints should not cause injury or be used as a penalty. Healthcare providers should first try other ways to manage a patient and provide protection. Restraints should always be used only as a last alternative.

2.5 Sensory Needs of autism-affected Adults and the Necessity to Meet the Sensory Needs

Autism-affected adults might have some sensory needs that can give them comfort if fulfilled. They can have a sharp sense. Due to sensory sharpness, someone with autism might: portray unusual sensory-seeking behaviour such as continuously taking the scent of objects or gazing intently at rolling objects. As mentioned by Richardson et al.(2020), they express unusual sensory release behaviours such as the avoidance of familiar sounds and textures such as vacuum cleaners, clothing tags, hair dryers, vacuum cleaners and sand. Jumping, crashing into things or spinning can be signs of sensory issues in autism-affected patients. As said by Melvin et al. (2022),constantly dumping food or cloth objects, continually chewing non-food items, communication difficulties etc. all can be sensory needs of autism-affected adults. As opined by Lakshmi (2020), understanding and adjusting sensory issues can reduce distress and improve chances for autistic people to discover, associate, communicate and experience in the community. Compromises might mean changing the surroundings, using instruments and techniques, or making new habits or practices.

2.6 Explanation of research questions

The first question in this study focuses on the extent to which care, providers, possess an idea about autism and the impacts it has on adults. As mentioned by Wighamet al.(2019), mental health is still considered taboo in most countries despite the advancements in healthcare. This question has been specifically selected to highlight those beliefs or stereotypes that might have affected the care provision in certain ways. Extending from this question, the effectiveness of good beliefs might be explored. For example, as said by Raj and Masood (2020), even care providers believe that autistic-affected individuals have keen observation skills due to which they provide much more attention to details than others. This faith can be used to trigger a sense of responsibility in care providers due to which they work on how they could assist the patients in improving their learning skills, rather than focusing on their limitations. The second question aims to explore the proactive, active, and reactive treatments available for autism., this would not only provide an in-depth insight into the available treatment options for this condition, but it also provides an insight into further options that might be designed in the future.

Restrictive restraint is the forceful implementation of any form of treatment against the will of the patient or someone else. As opined by Wighamet al.(2019), these cases are more common when the patient is mentally unstable and when most healthcare providers consider them ineligible to provide decisions on their own regarding their treatment plan. Harmful acts where patients experience such events are to be monitored critically by the hospital authority, which points out the importance of audits. However, the literature suggests that audits rarely take place, which is why the third research question has emphasized this matter. As mentioned by Chiarotti and Venerosi(2020), autistic patients have several sensory needs that are different from patients with other mental health conditions. Care providers need to focus on these aspects specifically which is why the fourth research question has emphasized this context.

2.7 Theoretical Framework

Other than interprofessional skills like empathy and communication, healthcare providers dealing with mental illnesses are also expected to have an understanding of the mental state of the patients. The “theory of mind” sheds light on this ability to evaluate the mental condition of another person and their mental capacity. As said by Cooper et al.(2022), the theory helps explore the reasons behind challenging behaviors displayed by individuals affected by a mental illness. Autism-affected individuals have a specific state of mind that makes them different from stable people. A care provider being assigned such a patient needs to have professional skills to investigate this mental condition. Another theory that is needed to be emphasized here is the “refrigerator mom theory” which has been specifically designed for autism-affected patients. As mentioned by Salim (2019), the theory mentions that the neglect and ignorance a mother imparts upon their child might be responsible for autism which makes the issue more sensitive. Hence, this leads to another area that care providers need to emphasize on to get an in-depth idea about why autism has taken place in the assigned patient.

2.8 Literature gap

The existing literature has focussed on the perception of care providers regarding autism. However, it has failed to highlight the perception of autism affected patients regarding what treatment option they would prefer. As said by Hof et al.(2021), people with mental illness are often deprived of providing opinions on their treatment. Although the previous studies have shed light on this fact, they have failed to investigate strategies that could be implemented to resolve this. Besides, there has been limited emphasis on ways to deal with behavioural challenges displayed by mental illness affected, especially autism affected adults. Children have been the chosen population in most studies, making it more difficult to search for appropriate articles.

2.9 Summary

The concept of autism and the ways care providers perceive it has been highlighted in this chapter. It has provided a clear view of the stereotypes prevailing about the disease and the impact they have on the patients. The proactive, active, and reactive treatment options for the disease have been highlighted, providing insight into the future aspects. The importance of audits to monitor restrictive restaurants has also been analyzed. Followed by that, the sensory needs of these affected adults have been investigated along with the necessity to emphasize them. Finally, the theory of mind and the refrigerator mind theory has been taken to align with the context.

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Introduction

This part of the study has discussed a critical topic like Autism and care providers' behaviours towards adult patients or people suffering from this. Autism denotes a broad range of conditions of people who face different challenges in their characteristics (Babb et al. 2021). These characteristics can include challenges like problems in non-verbal communication, problems in speech that leads to repetitive behaviours, and social skills. The people who suffer from this autism are known as autistic people. These subtypes of autism are influenced and induced by different genetic and environmental factors (Autismspeaks, 2023). Health and social care providers follow different techniques and methodologies to support people with autism and to help them lead their life without anyone’s help and with dignity.

3.2 Philosophical Assumptions

This type of research study will help to understand the importance of the roles of health and social care providers in the lives of adult people with autism. The relationship between the care providers and adults suffering from autism has been discussed here.

Research Philosophy

The usage of the selected research philosophy is extremely accurate to get the required data and information about the care providers and their behaviours and procedures to cure autistic people. Here, the philosophy named “Interpretivism Research Philosophy” is purely accurate for this research study. “Interpretivism Research Philosophy” is extremely perfect in this study as this philosophy deals with subjective, multiple, and socially constructed. Here, the researcher gets to know about someone’s reality through another person’s experiences and understanding. According to Douglas and Rice (2020), the “Interpretivism Research Philosophy” is perfect for the study to acquire factual and descriptive knowledge about the selected topic of how Health and Social care providers provide proper cures to adult people.

The study has given accurate knowledge and information. The study consists of different descriptive information about the topic with quality. As opined by Babb and Brede (2021), this study has given a piece of detailed information about the challenges that adult people face when they suffer from different types of Autism. Each and everyonehas different types of syndromes and required different kinds of treatment and behaviour towards them from the selected responsible health and social care providers.

Selected Approach

The study has followed a specific Selected Approach which is crucial to understand the topic and gaining knowledge of different aspects of this topic. The selected “Inductive Research Approach” is crucial and essential to understanding the selected topics and ultimately helps to draw a proper conclusion for the study. In this selected “Inductive Research Approach”, the researchers started with specific observations and measures and ultimately detected patterns in the data. The selected approach needs to be observed with a careful vision to understand all the approaches and aspects of the selected topic (Haine?Schlagel et al. 2020). This research approach gives proper knowledge to understand the selected topic with relevant pieces of information.

The qualitative research approach has been accepted by researchers widely to understand and improve the quality of their empirical studies (Gentles et al. 2020). There are many stigmas attached to people who are having different kinds of autistic conditions. This study tries to discuss those conditions and provide proper pieces of information. So that people who are pursuing misinformation, started to understand the real conditions of the patients (Haine?Schlagel et al. 2020). The selected “Inductive Research Approach” will help the researchers to gather pieces of information as available in the current world. Care providers from different zones and having different levels of knowledge of these characteristics and behaviour will help people to understand the victims more and to feel compassionate.

Design

Research Design is a vital step in a research study and needs to be chosen carefully and mindfully. Research studies give an overall outline of the research of the selected topic. Here, the chosen design “Descriptive Research Design” for this study of health and social care providers and their used methods of providing required and available treatment to adult people having autism. Autism is a very complex and broad topic which includes many sub-types and various kinds of symptoms (Hossain et al. 2021). The majority of those symptoms are related to the patient's characteristics and behaviours. These create a great issue for the care providers to provide a specific type of treatment. Rather the health and social care providers need to bend and modify their cure procedures according to different people.

This selected design named “Descriptive Research Design” has given a great insight into all of the concepts and variables in the selected topic. This design named “Descriptive Research Design” is highly effective in a topic like the chosen one which is a secondary qualitative study and to get all the pieces of information about the topic (Müller and Donley, 2019). This selected design \pattern has been proven to be effective in this topic because it describes all the strategies to cure the selected adults who are suffering from different kinds of autism. This design will also help to get different effective recommendations to solve this issue which is relevant to this study.

3.3 Research Questions

• How do caregivers comprehend the problematic demeanour of autism-affected children?: Health and social care providers are highly trained professionals who are trained to help those people who are in need. In this study, the selected health and social care providers deal with adult people who are facing issues related to autism. The selected secondary qualitative study is extremely effective for studies like this. Here, the chosen Health and social care providers have shared their experiences and details about the patients they encountered previously. This study needs more subjective and descriptive knowledge about the methodology and procedure of the selected topic.

The shared detailed knowledge of multiple health and care providers can help other providers to gain more knowledge from the experienced ones because not everyone has a similar level of pieces of information about a disease and its symptoms (Parker et al. 2020). The “Interpretivism Research Philosophy” has a huge impact on this study to understand the clear concept of this study. This study is going to ultimately help the care providers from different zones to gain knowledge and observe different unique symptoms. The focus is on the description of each and every intricate detail of the chosen topic (Müller and Donley, 2019). It is also very important to understand the proper details and step-by-step process of the treatment procedure to cure the patients.

• What is the interpretation of active, proactive and reactive approaches whilst methodically sustaining secure care and therapy in community domains? : There are multiple strategies which are available to provide proper cures towards certain people who are suffering from a certain disease or special condition. Here, in this study where health and social cure providers need to provide the required and relevant care towards adult people who are suffering from autism and need to have proper and versatile strategies for people having different kinds of autistic behaviours. Care providers can approach different cases with different strategies like Proactive strategy, active strategy and even with a strategy like reactive strategy (Smith-Young et al. 2020). In the proactive approach or strategy health and social care professionals can provide care by using methods like - 1. Providing choices to the people as this will make them feel important and acceptable in their respective societies.

In autism, people have a constant urge to get multiple choices in their daily life chores. 2. Language training can act like magic to create a better lifestyle for these kinds of people. This language training helps them to communicate with the people of society in a better way so that people with autism feel secure and acceptable (Smith-Young et al. 2020). Many health and social care providers have shared their respective experiences and knowledge during this study through secondary data collection. Similarly, other strategies can be also used to gain knowledge about different patients and their challenges. All those experiences of the care providers have been studied here in this study.

• How many caregivers operate a “Restrictive restraint audit” in their assistance? : “Restrictive Restrain audit” is a kind of auditing method which is used in the medical field. The Restrictive Restrain audit can be helpful for patients who are suffering from autism (Tchanturiaet al. 2021). Autism is a broad spectrum of behavioural issues which can be visible both in children and adults. Here in this study, the concentration is on adults who are suffering from different subtypes of autism. This audit method is widely popular among researchers and experts in the medical field to audit the concerned cases of their domains (Smith-Young et al. 2020). Here, it has been observed many health and social care providers are using this audit method to track the important details of their patients. The detailed information needs to be stored in the hands of the care providers so that in future they can use references of previous case histories to cure more complex and new symptoms.

Here, even though many experts and professionals did use this audit method to track the details. But a majority did not provide or mention anything about the usage of this selected Restrictive Restrain audit method. It is a secondary qualitative study and that is why it is extremely difficult to track back to those health and social care providers and ask them further questions to get more pieces of information. Here, the secondary qualitative method did not help the study but rather creates a barrier to finding out the full details of the case studies.

• How do caregivers fulfil the sensory demands of autism-affected children in order to decrease behaviours? : Autistic people suffer from issues related to their behaviour (Müller and Donley, 2019). The encountered health and social care providers have shared multiple instances and experiences about their encounters with autistic adults. In this study, pieces of information have been collected through various means and it has been noticed that the usage of various methods like Repetitive movements, sounds, or fidgeting can help these people to improve their behaviour and communication skills.

3.4 Validity and Reliability

The validity and reliability of a study can be observed through its provided details and pieces of information on specifically chosen topics. The validity of a study especially which is based on medical conditions, is generally lasted up to the discovery of new treatment methods (Smith-Young et al. 2020). Until new methods of treatment and cure are introduced in the market to the patients if a study includes all the possible and available information and details about the treatment method of the disease or any genetic issue the study remains reliable and valid for a long time.

Here, a tool named CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) can be used to analyse the chosen adult people having Autism. Here in this study, the expert and professional health and social care providers have explained and discussed their experiences while dealing with adult people having autism (Parker et al. 2020). The CASP method helps here by providing various information in the field like possible health choices of the care seekers, the treatment and methods and their probable percentage of success and other topics related to this chosen topic.

3.5 Data Selection and Collection

Selecting a proper and appropriate data collection method is extremely important for a study to become successful. An accurate and appropriate data collection method is capable enough to provide proper data about the selected or chosen topic. The “Secondary Qualitative Data Collection Method” has been selected in terms of collecting secondary which is based on the study. The study is a secondary qualitative type so it is important to gather descriptive information about the patients. In a qualitative study, descriptive facts are more important than any numerical facts. Autism is such a topic that it is impossible to answer any question without any description.

In this study, The PRISMA method has been used to get proper information about the chosen topic. It is a secondary qualitative study so the major sources to get pieces of information are reviewed journals. These journals are highly helpful and effective as they are genuine journals. Pieces of information which are taken from the different journals minimize the chances of having misinformation about the selected topics. Also, the researchers who have published in these journals are highly knowledgeable in their own fields. This is a huge advantage to creating a study based on a secondary data collection method.

Data Analysis

After performing the collection process, all of the secondary information may require to be interpreted and analysed to get a profound conclusion for this study. For this similar reason, after the completion of the whole collection process, all pieces of information will be analysed with the help of the “Thematic Analysis Method” by developing different types of themes based on the aim and objectives of the study. Based on the perspective of Müller and Donley, (2019), it has been observed that the main and worthy purpose of the “Thematic Analysis Method” is to recognise variables and develop themes for addressing both concepts and variables of a study.

3.6 Ethics and Bias

The study needs to maintain a basic level of ethics when it is dealing with living beings, especially in this case where researchers are dealing with multiple human beings. The “Data Protection Act” provides every individual the right to demand that their private information be kept confidential (Gov, 2018). Re-identification of the participants involved in existing literature has been avoided to keep accordance to the guidelines of this law. Besides, only full-text available articles have been chosen to ensure that the authors approve their work being duplicated or re-used. The people who are involved in such studies need to be highly cautious and careful while handling with medical details of people (Müller and Donley, 2019). It is better if the researchers keep the patients' details saved in their systems with anonymous sources and without their addresses and names. The researchers should always take permission to access the pieces of information or to ask any questions to the patients or people involved in the study. Without the required consent of the people, the researchers should not proceed with the topic. There are possibilities of getting mis pieces of information in this case but thankfully in this study, the researcher is dealing with secondary pieces of information from various certified journals that eliminate the chances of getting wrong pieces of information.

3.7 Limitations

There are many limitations while pursuing such secondary study which deals with pieces of information taken from other sources. Even though the pieces of information can be authentic bu6t the researcher of this study cannot ask more questions and get more pieces of information if the researcher faces any confusion about any of the points in this chosen topic. The researchers should be extremely careful while taking medical details from other’s primary research as primary surveys may have manipulated data about different points. There is no chance to select gather first-hand knowledge or to deal with actual real life case studies in such studies. It is a qualitative study which lacks factual data. There are no numerical data to support the studies which is the biggest limitation and drawback of such a study.

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

4.1 Introduction

This chapter has discussed the results or findings of this study which have been gathered from previously published articles based on the study topic. This specific chapter has also demonstrated the methods and aim of those selected articles which are directly related to the given study topic. Around 8 articles have been selected which are directly associated with this study and demonstrate the findings of this study to get an imprinted conclusion or summary. After analysing those selected articles, those have been interpreted and analysed with the help of the “Thematic Analysis Method”. As a result, those selected articles have been interpreted and analysed with an accurate data analysis method and provide in-depth findings which is helpful for discussing the study topic in a proper way and developing this study in a good manner.

4.2 Article Analysis

Author	Aim	Method	Findings
Coleman-Fountain et al. (2020)	This study aims to demonstrate barriers faced by healthcare providers in the UK due to autism among young adults	A “Cross-sectional Qualitative Study” has been selected in order to collect accurate and authentic information from selected participants. Around 171 Autistic Young Adults and children who are aged between 11 to 12 years. Moreover, a longitudinal study has been developed in this study. The Purposive Sampling Technique has been used in this study in terms of selecting the sample size. An interview is conducted in this study to collect information from the selected participants.	The findings of this study have indicated that autistic adults who are not suffering from learning disabilities believe in mental health and autism. It is affecting exacerbating symptoms due to Autism.
Beresford et al. (2020)	In order to evaluate specialist Autism Teams while providing care and treatment for autistic children and adults is a major aim of this study.	A Mixed Method has been used in this study for developing this research. 252 participants have been selected in completing Survey which is helping to accumulate accurate and authentic information based on the study topic.	The findings of this study have indicated that the Specialist Autism Teams implementation is helpful for providing psychoeducation for diagnosing autism among autistic children and young adults in the United Kingdom.
Taylor et al. (2023)	The significant aim of this study is to investigate the impact of primary care for checking up on autistic children’s health and providing proper treatment to overcome chronic illness.	The “experience-based co-design method” is selected in this study to complete in a proper way. Above 18 years of young adults are selected as participants for completing interview sessions with semi-structured questions.	The findings have demonstrated all views regarding “Multi-component primary care health checkups” for all autistic young adults in the UK. The findings have also highlighted that monitoring health on a daily basis is helping to cover all kinds of chronic illnesses and reducing the prevalence rate of Autism among young adults and children as well.
Schwartz et al. (2020)	The prime aim of this specific study is to evaluate the major impact of maintaining and fostering proper care and treatment is accurate for autistic children and young adults to overcome their chronic illness.	The “Primary Qualitative Research Method” has been used in this study by conducting an Interview session with around 15 participants. All those participants are asked open-structured questions for collecting unbiased and authentic information.	The findings of this specific study have demonstrated that providing care and treatment to autistic children and young adults is accurate for them in overcoming chronic illness and leading a normal and healthy lifestyle.
Overwater et al. (2019)	The study aims to investigate the improvement of autism and neuropsychological deficits with the help of “Everolimus” among children.	The study has included randomised trials along with double-blinded placebo-controlled provisions. 60 children with IQ<80 and learning disability have been incorporated into the study. The children are aged from 4 to 17 years and they were treated with “Everolimus”. The “International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Diagnostic Criteria” was scrutinised in the process which helped to run the research on the children aged into that category. The treatment of the children spanned almost 12 years.	The study has highlighted the findings in the study that summarised 32 children with the “TuberousSclerosis Complex (TSC)” were randomised. No such effect was found in the secondary outcomes that include autism and neuropsychological functioning. It has been found that “Everolimus” has no major effect on cognitive functioning that includes autism and other deficits.
Marino et al. (2021)	This study aims to inspect the effect of “Acceptance and Commitment Therapy” in the case of adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder for the improvement of psychological well-being.	Randomised Control Trial has been included in the process. 34 adults have been taken into consideration for the participants in the research.	From the results, it has been found that acceptance and commitment therapy is necessary and beneficial for adults that are affected by autism spectrum disorder. Parent training is also necessary for the changing demeanour in adults with ASD. Daily practice in this situation can help in the betterment of the behaviour of adults with ASD. The children can be handled with care in school or social gatherings to make them more comfortable with society. In that case, the role of caregivers is vital.
Valeri et al. (2020)	The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of cooperative patient-mediated therapy for preschool children with autism spectrum disorders.	The study has included a randomised control trial on preschool children. “Low-intensity psychosocial intervention (LPI)” has been given to the school students including 34 participants in the research. Among those 34 students, 7 were females and 27 were male and all of them were aged 2,6 and 11 years. The parents of those children were also included in the trial.	The study included the “ADOS-G social communication algorithm score (ADOS-G SC)” for the assessment of the primary blinded outcome. From the research, it has been found that cooperative patient-mediated therapy is somewhat beneficial for autism-affected children.
Wood et al. (2021)	The study aims to comprehend the effect of “Modular Cognitive Behavioral Therapy” on the autism-related symptoms of adults.	Randomised control trial has been used in the study and in this section, 107 children were included in which the age was 6-13 years. They were randomly assigned to CBT and ESCT treatment conditions.	The “modular one-on-one CBT program” considered in this introspection can be restorative for lessening the rigour of autism-related manifestations in several children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Additional research is required to elucidate the dimension of the therapeutic effect and the importance of commission for therapists in the neighbourhood.

4.3 Thematic Analysis

“Theme 1: Positive interaction and communication are major responsibilities of caregivers to assist autistic adults”

Caregivers in a healthcare setting are playing a crucial role in ensuring lead a safe and healthy lifestyle. As a result, all caregivers are able to provide proper treatment and care to autistic individuals for improving their health status. Based on the study findings, it has been observed that caregivers have monitored and tracked the health status of autistic children or young adults is helpful for overcoming this chronic illness. According to the statement of Pavlopoulouet al.(2020), it has been observed that communication or positive interaction is crucial for mental health development among autistic children and young adults. In addition, it is helping those individuals to be more socialised and show positive attitudes and behaviours towards others. As a result, those autistic children or young adults are able to lead a normal and healthy lifestyle in the upcoming days. Based on the findings, it has been shown that caregivers are playing a crucial role in providing care and treatment (Beresford et al. 2020). Moreover, it covers all kinds of treatment and care for those autistic adults which is helpful for them to improve their lifestyle and health status.

Individuals who are living with or suffering from Autism are required proper support for developing communication skills with the help of assessing a child’s communication level. Moreover, those aforementioned responsibilities are accurate and relevant for reducing the negative impact of Autism among all young adults in the United Kingdom.

“Theme 2: Implementing social skill practices and Social Interaction are effective procedures to minimise the challenging conduct of autism-affected adults”

Social skills are helping all individuals in interacting with other individuals in the same community and reducing negative stress. As a result, those individuals are able to communicate and interact with others and it is motivating and encouraging them to lead a normal and healthy lifestyle. As per the words of Lee et al. (2021), it has been evaluated that social skill implementation is an accurate initiative for caregivers to reduce the negative impacts of Autism among children and young adults. Besides, the findings have demonstrated that social skill group is offering several kinds of opportunities to autistic young adults for practising social skills which are helpful for them to overcome chronic illness (Taylor et al. 2023). Some adults and children on the autism spectrum are required proper assistance in learning regarding the process of acting or interacting with other individuals who are not living with autism. Hence, it is helpful for them to be more socialised which is assisting those young adults in improving their quality of life.

In order to build up social skills by practising is helping to enhance participation in their community. As a result, it is supporting the outcomes such as friendships and happiness. According to Russell et al. (2022), it has been observed social interaction and socialisation are considered as major tools which are helpful for autistic adults in mitigating their learning disabilities which is also helping them to lead normal and healthy lifestyles.

4.4 Discussion

"Autism Spectrum Disorder" is one kind of developmental disability that has been identified among individuals, especially among adults and children. This specific health issue is affecting an individual's cognitive and learning abilities. In addition, Autism is affecting the process of interaction, communication, and socialisation in the same community. As a result, they are not able to interact with others and suffer from anxiety or depression. According to the statement of Wood and Happé, (2021), providing care to Autistic adults is one kind of crucial responsibility for caregivers in terms of improving the quality of their life. Along with that, it is helpful for them to be more active and they are able to socialise with other individuals who are not living with Autism. Based on the findings, it has been observed that caregivers are playing a crucial role in providing proper care and treatment to autistic adults in order to assist them to overcome their critical health issues. Thus, it is helpful for them to overcome all those barriers which have been faced by autistic adults in recent days (Coleman-Fountain et al. 2020). Henceforth, it has been evaluated that caregivers are playing an essential role in improving their quality of life, and theta re able to overcome their critical health issues to lead a healthy lifestyle in the upcoming days.

The above figure depicted that the “Autism Prevention Program” is taking several kinds of initiatives in terms of reducing the rate of Autism-affected adults in the global world. As per the words of Vincent, (2020), it has been evaluated that “Autism Spectrum Disorder” has been considered one kind of developmental disability that has been caused by some triggering factors in the brain. Individuals who are suffering from ASD are behaving, communicating, learning, and interacting in several ways which are quite different from other individuals. On the other hand, as opined by Toseeb and Asbury, (2023), individuals who are living with ASD are not able to communicate or interact with other individuals in a positive way. As a result, those individuals are also suffering from depression and anxiety and they require strong mental support to overcome the negative consequences of Autism. Additionally, the study findings have indicated that caregivers are playing a crucial role in proving proper care and treatment and strong mental support to autistic adults for overcoming their chronic illnesses (Schwartz et al. 2020). In addition, the implementation of this program is accurate for adults in order to maintain some effective practices that are affecting the quality of their life.

Mental health has been considered as a major priority that has been identified among autistic clinicians and the community. In addition, all existing pieces of literature have indicated that around 20% of the total population is suffering from anxiety disorder and 11% are suffering from depression due to not being socialised and interacting with the community (Coleman-Fountain et al. 2020). Hence, some individuals have no chance to overcome this chronic illness. On the other hand, as opined by O’Hagan et al. (2021), most of the young adults are suffering from learning disabilities due to autism and they are not able to communicate and interact with other individuals which are affecting their mental health in a strong manner. Besides, the findings have demonstrated that “Social Skill Groups” is offering several kinds of opportunities for autistic young adults for practicing social skills which are helpful for them to overcome chronic illness (Morris et al. 2021). Some adults and children on the autism spectrum are required proper assistance in learning regarding the process of acting or interacting with other individuals who are not living with autism. Thus, it has been evaluated that implementing a social skill development program is accurate in terms of improving the mental health and reducing the level of stress among those young adults.

The above figure has illustrated different types of skills which are essential for adults who are suffering from Autism to improve their communication and interaction skills. Based on the perspectives of Wood and Happé, (2021), it has been observed that autistic adults are able to develop their conversation skills by interacting or communicating with others and in the same community. As a result, they are able to be more socialised which is helping them to overcome all negative consequences of anxiety and depression. Moreover, it is helpful for improving the quality of their life and they are able to lead a healthy as well as normal lifestyle (Beresford et al. 2020). Some adults and children on the autism spectrum are required proper assistance in learning regarding the process of acting or interacting with other individuals who are not living with autism.

4.5 Summary

The entire study has summarised that social skill improvement programs and socialisation have been considered as major components in terms of reducing the negative impacts of Autism among adults in the Global World. Individuals who are living with Autism have faced several kinds of difficulties such as being unable to interact, communicate and socialise with other individuals in the same community. Based on the above discussion and the findings of those selected articles, it has been observed that caregivers are playing a crucial role in improving the quality of life of all adults who are suffering from Autism.

Chapter 5: Conclusion

5.1 Introduction

In the part of the conclusions that are found in the research are discussed. In this study, the proper findings are mentioned. There are also some recommendations that have been discussed to make the objectives of the research more achievable. There are some benefits of the research that are appreciated. On the other hand, there are some limitations of the research that are mentioned here. The recommendations may help further researchers in the future. Thus people suffering from autism will be more benefitted in the survey. There is also some discussion of the findings relating to the questions. The topics that are found in the proper way are discussed here as well as the topic and factors not found in the research have also been discussed here. In the study; there are also some errors in the research that have been mentioned. Thus further researchers will be able to recognize the problems of the previous researchers and this will help them to manage the limitations in their future study. In this way, more specific data can be obtained in future research. In the last part of the conclusion, further recommendations have been discussed. The recommendations will help future researchers in developing the research information that will be more specific and more proper.

5.2 General Conclusions

There are many people who show evidence of developing learning disabilities in the United Kingdom. The condition autism is also associated with impacting all the fields of social behavior, such as social interaction, and communication. This is very necessary to help people suffering from autism in maintaining their social life as desired. This survey is based on the findings of the research. This also relates to the methodology of making the problems decreased in society. This will help people to fight against autism. The health care workers find the field of research related to the condition like autism. Then they decided to find all the solutions that can be beneficial in the reduction of this condition. All the health workers helped the people suffering from autism to improve their social aspects such as communication, and behaviour in a desired manner. For this purpose, they had to make strong strategies to make their work more beneficial for the target population. Some proper teamwork had also been built to make the people feel more loved and cared for. This feeling will help them in improving their social life. Thus, the objectives of the workers become more effective and more proper.

5.3 Research question conclusions

Question 1

According to the findings of question 1 it has been observed that the health workers focus on the behaviour of the people in a society. If there is some imbalance in the communication system of some people, they conduct more research on them to find if they have developed the signs of autism. According to the statement by Gentles et al. (2020), the healthcare workers then communicate with their family members to find the time from when the signs of autism developed. As per the statement of de Leeuwet al.(2020), they help the family members in finding the diagnosis process of autism and help them to understand the requirement of treatment. They also suggest possible treatment method ton them and lastly, they helped the people in combating the problems. In this way, they can reach a large number of people who are suffered from autism but cannot recognize to be autistic by their family members.

Question 2

From the finding of question 2, it has been observed that the health care supervisor makes inception in the form of an interview, performance monitoring and monitoring of social behavior. This helps them to understand the main part of the country which has the maximum incidence of autism. In this way, they can collect data from the community and understand the specific part of the country that needs to be cured. Though the conduction of the data collection is time-consuming it is directly related to the heal care facilities given by the healthcare supervisors. These are needed in making all the strategies conducted in the proper way.

The reactive strategies are also important in the making of proper implementation of the planned service. This strategy deals with the problems that can occur during the implementation. This helps the health workers in managing unwanted situations that can inhibit their workflow in the health care organisation. This also includes the proper investigation of the implementation of the plan. If there is a reduction in the workflow the factors related to it are observed by the reactive strategies. The health workers can make a plan of removing the inhibiting factors and maintaining the helpful factors in the proper implementation processes.

Question 3

From the research, it has been found that the health care providers use restraint audits in order to know better the situation of the people suffering from autism. On the other hand, the exact number is not clear. According to the statement of Shibuya et al. (2022), this type of diagnosis helps healthcare providers to gain knowledge about autistic people. According to the statement of Conyers, (2022), this helps them to gain more knowledge about the treatment process of the people. As the treatment of adults with autism is more time-consuming but the observation of tier behaviour in social life will be helpful in recognising the situation and the probable time limit that will be required to treat them. According to the statement of Agabaniet al. (2022), the restrictions of the behaviour are needed to be observed and treated to ensure a speedy recovery. This helps the healthcare providers to achieve their goals in a certain time.

Question 4

In the research, it has been found that healthcare providers help autistic people in regaining their desired sensory stimulation. For this purpose, they include some interesting thighs to make them respond to the treatment (Ro?caet al.2022). According to the statement of Adams and Young, (2020), they help people in the development of their body language and communication ability. They also include some activities for people to reduce the signs of autism (Ying and Zhagan, 2021). This helps them in improving team bonding among the people of their society.

5.4 Recommendations

In the study, it has been observed that healthcare providers have conducted their work in a proper and specific way. Many people affected by autism got benefitted from the proper application of the methods by the health care providers. They became able to build their social connections in an effective way. Though there are many benefits of the work there are also some limitations in the implementation of the strategies. It has been seen that the maximum number of people are not able to be treated as they live in distant places. It may be recommended to healthcare workers to make their working field larger in order to take them under the treatment method. There is also some problem in implementing the strategies with making the proper teamwork. Sometimes it has been found that healthcare workers become biased with the specific type of race and region. It has also been observed that there is also a lack of team-like bonding. This restricts them to conduct work from all over the country. The healthcare supervisors will not be able to reach their objectives. According to the statement of Bradshaw et al. (2021), health workers have to promote proper teamwork with the maintenance of a nonbiased environment in the organisation.

In future, the supervisors have to monitor the progress of the work on a regular basis. Along with these, they have to take the reviews of the patients and the family of the patients regarding the benefits and limitations that are faced by them during the treatment. This will help them recognise their limiting factors in the organisation. This will help them to treat future patients in a better way. Sometimes the supervisors are not able to conduct their work in the desired amount due to the gap in the proper communication between the workers and the patient's family. They have to make the patient's family comfortable enough that will help them in the discussion regarding the detailed information about the patient. As per the statement of Divan et al.(2021), this will help them in the treatment by making them known about the condition and limitations of autistic people.

5.5 Errors and limitations

In this study, there are some limitations in finding detailed information related to the study. This study has been developed on secondary research, and as a result, this study is lacking in the primary findings of the research. It has been found that the recent occurrence and the treatment of autism are not found in the study. As the health care services are improving it is also desired that the treatment and the social behavior of autistic people care also improve. In the primary research, more specific statistical data will help future researchers to gain knowledge about the health care program. Due to the secondary research, future researchers will not be able to gain proper knowledge about the effort of healthcare workers in a proper way. This data insufficiency may lead to the make further research that will be time-consuming. On the other hand, it will help them to conduct research on both primary and secondary data analysis to get the overall concept of a specific work. The proper data will help to reduce the misconception about the workers. The proper number of recovered people cannot be discussed according to a recent study. Thus the limitations and the growth factors that are facing them in recent times cannot be determined. On the other hand, according to the statement of Ruggiano and Perry, (2019), secondary research on the topic will help them to gain knowledge regarding all the secondary information. This will help future researchers in getting information about the previous research in a proper way.

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5.6 Recommendations for further study

If future studies, the new researchers may be recommended to conduct research on both primary and secondary data analysis in order to get the overall idea of the research topic. This will help them in the reducing the risk of further study on that specific topic to get the missing links of the research. This will also be helpful in the decreasing time that is required for further research. On the other hand, this will help to reduce the risk of the uprising of a conflict regarding the non-found data on the specific topic. Further investigation of the statistical information is needed to be discussed in future research. The management of the budget also has to be discussed in a proper way to find if they are trying to improve their facilities that were not achieved in the previous time due to the lack of financial sources.

The researchers have to notice the areas where the patients are visiting. There is also the need of collecting region-specific data ton new information regarding the effort of the organisation to reach a maximum number of people at a time. They have to notice the number of healthcare persons who are involved in the treatment of autism over the years. This will help in gaining knowledge regarding leadership management in the organisation. This can also be noticed by employee retention in the organisation. According to the statement of Seidman et al. (2020), proper leadership management helps to continue the workflow on a continuous basis. The improper management of the leadership will decrease the chance of proper workflow in the organisation(Savage et al.2020). In this way, the organisation may become affected. Their objectives will not be achieved by the health workers. In order to reduce the risk, the proper analysis of the information has to be discussed. This will help the health workers in overcoming all the obstacles and maintaining the proper workflow in the health care organisation. This will be beneficial for the organisation as well as for the country in improving the social life of autistic people.

References

Selected articles

Article 1: Coleman-Fountain, E., Buckley, C. and Beresford, B., 2020. Improving mental health in autistic young adults: a qualitative study exploring help-seeking barriers in UK primary care. British Journal of General Practice, 70(694), pp.e356-e363.

Article 2: Beresford, B.A., Mukherjee, S.K.M., Mayhew, E.T., Park, A.L., Stuttard, L., Allgar, V.L. and Knapp, M., 2020. Evaluating specialist autism teams' provision of care and support for autistic adults without learning disabilities: the SHAPE mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research.

Article 3: Taylor, H., Ingham, B., Mason, D., Finch, T., Wilson, C., Scarlett, C., Moss, S., Buckley, C., Urbanowicz, A., Raymaker, D. and Seiboth, C., 2023. Co-design of an NHS primary care health check for autistic adults. Autism, 27(4), pp.1079-1091.

Article 4: Schwartz, A.E., Kramer, J.M., Cohn, E.S. and McDonald, K.E., 2020. “That felt like real engagement”: Fostering and maintaining inclusive research collaborations with individuals with intellectual disability. Qualitative health research, 30(2), pp.236-249.

Article 5: Overwater, I.E., Rietman, A.B., Mous, S.E., Bindels-de Heus, K., Rizopoulos, D., Ten Hoopen, L.W., van der Vaart, T., Jansen, F.E., Elgersma, Y., Moll, H.A. and de Wit, M.C.Y., 2019. A randomized controlled trial with everolimus for IQ and autism in tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology, 93(2), pp.e200-e209.

Article 6: Marino, F., Failla, C., Chilà, P., Minutoli, R., Puglisi, A., Arnao, A.A., Pignolo, L., Presti, G., Pergolizzi, F., Moderato, P. and Tartarisco, G., 2021. The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy for improving psychological well-being in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Sciences, 11(7), p.880.

Article 7: Valeri, G., Casula, L., Menghini, D., Amendola, F.A., Napoli, E., Pasqualetti, P. and Vicari, S., 2020. Cooperative parent-mediated therapy for Italian preschool children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 29(7), pp.935-946.

Article 8: Wood, J.J., Sze Wood, K., Chuen Cho, A., Rosenau, K.A., Cornejo Guevara, M., Galán, C., Bazzano, A., Zeldin, A.S. and Hellemann, G., 2021. Modular cognitive behavioral therapy for autism-related symptoms in children: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 89(2), p.110.

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