As A Driver For Economic Development Assignment Sample

Research Introduction

Background of the research

Access to dependable power is critical for supporting economic growth and improving living conditions in Ghana's rural areas. Unfortunately, many rural areas in the country remain without access to electricity, limiting their development potential, education, healthcare, and general socioeconomic advancement. Acknowledging the significance of resolving this issue, this study focuses on the history and relevance of rural electrification in Ghana, with a particular emphasis on the role of the government in promoting renewable energy options.

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Figure 1. “Share of rural population with access to electricity in Ghana from 2008 to 2020”

(Source: Statista.com)

The rural electricity situation in Ghana is a source of worry. Reviewing the year 2015, only 57.6% of the population had access to electricity, up from 50.8% in 2013 (Worldbank.org, 2023). Despite significant progress, the number was forecasted to reach74% by 2020. (Worldbank.org (2023). In spite of these advances, rural dwellersare still unable to fully take part in economic activitydue to an unequal distribution of power. Rural electrification in Ghana is significantly lower than urban electrification, which is currently around 89.7% (Statista.com, 2023).

Figure 2. “Total electricity demand in Ghana from 2021 to 2030”

(Source: Statista.com, 2023)

According to Statista.com's forecast for 2023, Ghana's electricity demand would increase from 21,300Gwh in 2021 to over 22,700Gwh in 2022. By 2030, this demand is expected to rise even further, reaching a peak of over 36,500 GWh, in line withthe nation's planin terms of electricity (Statista.com, 2023).

In 2021, the average end-user tariff for electricity customers in Ghana remained at 75 Ghanaian pesewas, which is approximately $0.09 per kilowatt hour (Statista.com, 2023). Since 2010, when the average price per kilowatt hour was 21 Ghanaian pesewas, which is roughly $0.03, the tariff has historically been on the rise. (Statista.com, 2023).

Figure 3. “Average electricity end-user tariff in Ghana from 2010 to 2021(in Ghanaian cedis per kilowatt hour)”

(Statista.com, 2023).

Ghana's hydroelectric power generation in 2021 was little more than 7,000GWh, up from 6,229Gwh the previous year (Statista.com, 2023). Ghana Energy Commission (GEC) actively promotes the use ofrenewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass, which enable rural,decentralized,and off-grid electricity generation. The organization's activities not only assist in electrifying rural areas, but they also align with Ghana's commitment to sustainable development and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Boamah and Rothfuß, 2020). By investigating the origins and relevance of rural electrification in Ghana, particularly in connection to GEC initiatives, this research intends to provide insights into the problems and opportunities associated with leveraging rural electricity access as a driver for economic growth. Understanding these dynamics is critical for designing successful strategies and policies to speed up rural electrification programs, promote sustainable energy solutions, and unlock Ghana's rural economic potential.

This rise in hydroelectric power generation has contributed to greater community satisfaction with primary healthcare services in Ghana, with approval ratings rising from 10% to 95% (Cdn.who.int, 2023). These findings emphasise Ghana's severe rural electrification gaps and the need for additional steps to improve access to reliable energy. They stress the importance of tackling these concerns and implementing renewable energy sources, such as those promoted by Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP), in order to encourage investments in the renewable energy sector and ultimately impact rural economic growth and improve the quality of life. The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) was created to serve as an overarching framework for maximizing the benefits of renewable energy in fostering economic growth in Ghana. (Energycom, 2019)

The following are some examples of what the Ghana Renewable Energy Masterplan hopes to accomplish:

• The percentage of renewable energyin the national energy generation mix must increase from 42.5 MW in 2015 to 1363.63 MW (with grid-linkedinstallations totalling 1094.63 MW).
• Decentralise electricity generation using renewable energy sources and bring power to one thousand previously unconnected areas. (Energycom, 2019)

The Ghanaian government realizes the importance of rural power and has taken numerous initiatives to address the issue. For example, the National Electrification Scheme aims to supply power to all Ghanaian villages (Boamah and Rothfuß, 2020). In addition, the government has created legislation and offered incentives to encourage the use of renewable energy as a means of boosting rural electrification. Ghana's, Energy Commission has emerged as a significant sponsor and implementer of renewable energy projects throughout the country in this context.

To summarise, addressing the issue of rural electricity in Ghana is critical for fostering economic growth, improving living conditions, and removing socioeconomic barriers. The country's attempts to provide rural areas with access to power can be aided by the implementation of the Ghana Renewable Energy Masterplan and the consequent deployment of sustainable energy solutions. Ghana can pave the way for equitable development and long-term prosperity by acknowledging the history, significance, and potential of rural electrification.

Rationale of Study

The reason for doing this research on leveraging rural electrification as a driver of economic growth in Ghana, with a specific focus on renewableenergy sources in Ghana stems from several fundamental principles. For starters, increasing access to power in rural areas will benefit local communities as well as the overall economy. It can promote economic growth, job opportunities, and productivity across a wide range of industries such as agriculture. Just as the extent of renewable energy sources in providing electricity for rural electrification must be examined. Renewable energy sources offer sustainable and environmentally friendly and long-term alternatives to traditional energy sources, aligning with Ghana's goal of combating climate change and transitioning to clean energy.

Existing research acknowledges the importance of rural electrification for economic development; nevertheless, there is still a considerable gap in understanding the unique potential and constraints associated with using renewable energy in Ghana, notably through Ghana Renewable Energy Masterplan initiatives. This research aims to fill that gap by conducting a thorough evaluation of the potential benefits, limitations, and strategies connected with rural electrification and the deployment of renewable energy technology. Investigating the purpose of this study provides more insight into the importance of rural electrification and its ability to promote economic growth in Ghana. The results of this research will add to the current body of knowledge and give significant insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and Ghana Energy Commission, allowing for evidence-based decision-making and supporting sustainable development in rural areas.

Potential research limitations

Access to reliable and up-to-date data, which can be challenging at times, is one of the most restricting constraints. Data on rural electrification programmes, renewable energy adoption rates, and their impact on economic growth in Ghana may be scarce and difficult to get. As a result, it is vital to employ a mixed-method approach that incorporates primary and secondary data sources. Another limitation could be bias in the research approach. Despite efforts to maintain objectivity, personal biases or preconceived notions may inadvertently influence the selection of data sources, study technique, or the interpretation of results (DeVos et al. 2022).

To overcome this limitation, the research would adhere to a rigid and transparent procedure that would assure systematic data collecting and analysis. Furthermore, the research may be hampered by a lack of resources and expertise. Doing fieldwork in rural areas and gaining access to stakeholders for interviews or surveys can be difficult due to logistical challenges (Oulahen, Vogel, and Gouett-Hanna, 2020). Furthermore, understanding the complex relationship between rural electrification and economic growth demands multidisciplinary knowledge, which may necessitate collaboration with experts from a variety of fields.

Research Aim and Objectives

Aim:

This research aims to improve our current knowledge of how electricity access affects economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular focus on rural communities in Ghana. The study intends to provide useful insights by studying the current state of energy access, evaluating existing policies and programs aimed at improving access and investigating the potential benefits of renewable energy for encouraging economic growth. Furthermore, the study can provide important recommendations to theGhanaiangovernment and partners on how to improve renewable energy supply in country districts, using it as a catalyst for financial growth.

Objectives:

The major goal of this research is to determine the influence of rural electrification on Ghana's economic development. In order to achieve this objective, the following specific goals would be pursued:

• To find out the present degree of rural electrification in Ghana, taking into account current policies and programmes aimed at improving rural access to electricity.
• To identify the economic consequences of rural electricity supply in Ghana, with a focus on income production, employment creation, and poverty eradication.
• To investigate the impact of renewable energy on rural access to power in Ghana, as well as to influence subsequent legislation and practise in this area.

Research questions

The following research questions would serve as the framework for the research:

• How does rural electrification in Ghana contribute to the country & economic development?
• Which specific programs and policies exist to enhance energy accessibility in rural regions of Ghana?
• How can Ghana utilize renewable energy strategies to provide electricity to its rural areas?

Literature Review

Introduction

The review of published research within this chapter on exploiting Ghana's renewable energy potential and leveraging electricity availability as a driver of economic development provides theoretical insight as well as the different authors' points of view on the subject. This chapter also includes a literature gap and conceptual framework to help the researcher obtain a deeper understanding of the study subject.

Analysing the current level of rural electrification in Ghana, considering existing and future programs and projects to bring power to rural regions.

Access to energy is critical for a country's economy as well as its long-term growth because it is necessary in people's daily lives. Considering 840 million people lack access to electricity globally, it is critical to offer energy to rural areas as well (Odoi-Yorke et al. 2022). This is due to the importance of power in people's daily lives for subsistence activities as well as commercial activities ranging from agriculture, food processing and storage, cottage industries to powering more complex mechanical applications for fabrications and use in primary healthcare facilities. According to Odoi-Yorke et al. (2022), Sub-Saharan Africa has about 573 million homes beenwithout access to electricity. As a result, Ghana's government has made boosting electricity in the country's rural areas a priority byenacting a slew of policies and program to that end. To assess the current level of rural electrification in Ghana, it is vital to consider the government's actions and policies. Ghana has various existing electrification projects as well as planned renewableprojects that would supply electrification in rural areas, according to Bukari et al. (2021). The current project are embedded inthe National Electrification Scheme (NES), the Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP), the Rural Electrification Fund (REF), and the Scaling-Up Alternative Energy Program. Through NES, the REF, and the Scaling-Up Alternative Energy Program, the government is aiming to provide morepeople with access to energy.

They have a few established projects, but several new ones are in the works in Ghana to enhance electricity rates in rural regions. The National Electrification Scheme, a government-led program, intends to provide all people with access to electricity by 2030 (Energycom.gov.gh, 2019). Ghana's Rural Electrification Master Plan (REMP) aims to increase the use of alternative energy in rural electrification through projects such as mini-grids and off-grid solar systems (Energycom.gov.gh, 2019). The Rural Electrification Fund, which provides financial assistance to rural projects, supports these programs. New projects, on the other hand, are being developed by the Bui Power Authority (BPA), which is building a solar plant in Ghana with a combined capacity of 120 MW to provide electricity to rural areas (Buipower.com, 2023). Furthermore, the Volta River Authority (VRA) seeks to use funding from theMillennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)for rural electrification programs to build Ghana's first 50 MW floating solar plant on Volta Lake (Trotter, 2016). This demonstrates that the Ghanaian government and other stakeholders are collaborating to achieve the aim of providing universal access to electricity by 2030.

Ghana's current degree of electrification is not equitable,with some areasachievinga greater electrification rate than others, oil and biomass, mainly coal and wood, dominated Ghana's energy sector (Afful-Dadzie, Mensah, and Afful-Dadzie, 2022) andthe government diversified its energy mix with the inclusion ofnatural gas for energy generation in 2015. The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP)framework can be utilized in this situation to facilitatethe need to move from fossil fuels to alternate and sustainable alternatives (Neofytou, Nikas, and Doukas, 2020). Despite the fact that hydro sources provide a significant portion of Ghana's energy, the country is not included in the portfolio of alternative energy sources since large-scale hydro generators are considered outdated.

Despite failing to meet their 2020 renewable energy targets, Ghana is committing to improving its support for cleaner energy sources, resulting in the government developing the Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) which aims to generate 1363MW from renewable energy sources by 2030, up from 42.5MW in 2015 (Energycom.gov.gh, 2019). Furthermore, issues such as infrastructure restrictions, financial restraints, and technological barriers can all have an impact on the government's electrification efforts. It is understandable given that most of the electricity in the country is generated by hydro and thermal power plants, and the alternative energy generation program is being delayed due to an inadequate transmission and distribution network. Thus, alternative energy production is critical for Ghana's economic growth, and the private sector's involvement in supporting alternative energy development in the country may substantially improve the situation.

Evaluating the benefits of Ghana's rural power supply on income generation, job creation, and poverty reduction.

The impact of Ghana's rural electricity supply on generating income, creating jobs, and alleviating poverty necessitates a thorough study of itsmultiple facets and indicators. Access to electricity in rural locations may be beneficial in income generation and promotingcommercial activity. Reliable electricity supply in rural areas will help the rural community in participating in income-generating activities such as small-scale manufacturing, agriculture, agro-processing, and othercottage industries. Electricity-powered equipment and machines have the potential to increase productivity and enhance economic opportunities for the local community, resulting in higher income levels for people and households (Kuamoah, 2020). Furthermore, improved electrification in rural regions can lead to better femaleempowerment and broadercommunal benefits for families. While additional investigation has linked challenges such as unemployment, poor working conditions, and limited wealth accumulation to the globalization of agri-food systems, it conversely promotes tourism, generating income for both the government in the form of taxes and associated leviesand local businesses in the form of increased patronage. The development of attractions for tourists can result in the creation of jobs within the hospitality and food sectors. Rural electrificationenables this objective bythe development and installation of electrical infrastructure which leads to higher productivity in businesses thus positively impacting income and the birth of newstartups, which give employment opportunities and improve the quality of life in rural communities.(Krumbiegel, Maertens, and Wollni, 2020)

In Ghana, rural electrification has resulted in a 15% rise in household income (Meyer and Overen, 2021). This suggests that rural electrification using renewable energy sources can improve people's lives and eliminate poverty. According to a report, an estimated onethousand jobswould be created during the construction of solar power plants, with 200 permanent jobs being established simultaneously (Buipower.com, 2023). Therefore, research suggests that rural electrification can have a considerable positive impact on Ghana's economy as it not onlyprovide income and jobs, but it also helps to improve people's quality of life by reducing poverty. The global rural population access to electricity has similarly increased from 66.2% to 82.5% due to this fact(Data.worldbank.org, 2023) however, it is far lower in several parts of the world, like Ghana in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Different theories can be used to explain the growth experience of a specific country or economy. The classical growth theory is appropriate for explaining the situation in Ghanaas it moves towards the use renewable energy. The theory is an economic theory that holds that increased population growth reduces economic growth. According to this hypothesis, economic growth stops when population increases because as thepopulation grows, resources become scarce, slowing down the rate ofeconomic growth. While dealing with challenges such as population increase,infrastructure gaps,and technological hurdles, the Ghanaian government is attempting to enhance rural electrification and achieve breakthroughs that can improve the quality of life and create job possibilities. The government is utilizing current renewable energy regulations to attract the necessary funding and technologies, resulting in capacity building and increased rural electricity availability. 2019 (Osiobe).

Role of policies in Ghana's rural Electricity Access

Over several decades, the use of fossil fuels has resulted in a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which has radically affected the climate and caused havoc on the environment. In order to protect the environment from greenhouse gas emissions, variouscountries havepassed national and worldwide restrictions limiting the use of fuels such as biomass and firewood. One of the laws Ghana has enacted to support the development of renewable energy technology is the Ghana Renewable Energy Act of 2011. Ghana is similarly dedicated to the use of renewable energy (Energycom.gov.gh, 2019). The utilization of renewable energy sources to create power and heat is encouraged by this law. In addition, the Ghana REMP seeks to cut carbon emissions by about 11 MtCO2 and boost installed alternative energy capacity to 1363.63 MW by 2030 (Odoi-Yorke et al. 2022). Ghana has the second highest electrification rate in Sub-Saharan Africa, indicating that economic development is promising, and the use of renewable energy can boost the country's economic growth (2017-2020).(2023, usaid.gov). However, because of the variability of rainfall for hydropower generation, there are substantial obstacles to generating electricityfrom this renewable source alone(Awopone, 2021). Ghana's commitment to renewable energy benefits both the economy and the environment; nonetheless, challenges such as reliance on rainfall demand attention for broader use of other renewable sources like solar and wind to augment the hydropower success.

With government and private sector investment in rural energy projects, Ghana's focus on improvedrural electricity access has positively influenced policy and practice. Rural electrification has been prioritized under the National Electrification Scheme, which has also seen financial support, regulatory improvements,private sectorparticipation, and an increase in the use of renewable energy (Aboagye et al. 2021). The availability of rural electricityhas increased, encouraging economic growth and improving quality of life. By utilizing the applicabletheory, the research can get an invaluable grasp of the ramifications of Ghana's rural energy policy and practices. The sustainable development theory in this context incorporates the economic, social, and environmental components in order to achieve long-term economic development (Owusu-Manu et al. 2021). Analysis of Ghana's rural energy policies and practices within the context of sustainable development theory can aid in determining the extent to which they address poverty reduction, job creation, and environmental sustainability (Owusu-Manu et al. 2021). It can also draw attention to potential trade-offs and synergies across the sustainabilityparameters. As the government and private sectors continue to invest in the renewable energy sector inGhana, the rural access to electricity project is likely to continue to expand in the future.

Recommending best practices and initiatives for utilizing alternative energy strategy to provide electricity to rural areas

In the case of renewable energy methods to bring electricity to rural areas, there are a variety of best practices and projects that can be used. USAID's 2019 market assessment brief for Ghana's off-grid solar energy industry (2017-2020.usaid.gov, 2023) includes information on market size, key players, obstacles, opportunities, and investment potential. It proposes legislative changes, legal constraints, monetary incentives, and technical assistance. The obstacles are high upfront costs, insufficient investments, and knowledge gap. However, several best practices can aid the use of wind and solar energy in rural communities, the establishment of microgrids and the development of local capacity, and the provision of financial and technical aid can help to improve rural electricity access. Solar and wind power are numerous alternative energy sources that can provide electricity from day to night in rural locations. Mini-grids, or small local power grids, can be cost-effective and run on solar, wind, or biomass energy. Grants, loans, and tax incentives, among other forms of financial and technical assistance, can make renewable energy projects cheaper and feasible. Building local capacity, including technical training and companies selling and servicing green energy products are critical for the long-term success of rural clean energy projects (Zebra et al. 2021).

Furthermore, the government may considerably help the development of renewable energy in rural areas through enabling laws and financial incentives. Appropriate regulatory frameworks, tax breaks, grants, and feed-in tariffs are a few examples. For example, the Rwanda Investment Code includes a clause offering a seven-year tax exemption term for investments in energy projects generating at least 25 MW. To be qualified, the investment must be at least $50 million USD, with the investor contributing at least 30% of this amount as equity in the chosen sectors.to encourage the use of renewable energy in rural electrification projects. In similar fashion, the Kenya Finance Act of 2021 alters the First Schedule of the Value Added Tax Act to exempt specialised solar and wind energy equipment from taxation. This modification follows the application of a 14% VAT on solar equipment in 2020, which led to expensive solar energy components and hampered the accomplishment of universal electricity. (Mukami Githinji, 2021). Countries can effectively use renewable energy sources to provide electricity to rural areas, establish economic development, improve the quality of life, and decrease poverty by adopting these practices and implementing similar programs.

In appraising the various methods of bringing electricity to rural areas, it is important to know the intersection of politics, economics, and power dynamics in affecting policy implementation and decisions. (Sparkes et al., 2019). Using this knowledge to examine Ghana's rural energy policies can aid in determining the power structures, interests, and other factors that influenced how they were developed and implemented. It can also reveal what difficulties and challenges may arise when attempting to put plans into effective practice.

Furthermore, Technological Innovation promotes research and development aimed at making renewable energy sources more affordable, reliable, and efficient. This fosters the development of solutions such as improved solar panels, energy storage systems, and environmentally friendly appliances. Nations that embrace technological breakthroughs can successfully deploy mini-grids, solar and wind energy systems, financial assistance, and other alternative energy options. These actions help to enhance rural access to electricity, boost economic growth, and alleviate poverty.

Literature Gap

Existing research on rural access to electricity in Ghana, particularly on renewable energy, provides a wealth of information. However, the majority of research is focused on the agriculture business and supply chain challenges. More research is needed to determine the benefits of rural electricity on household dynamics, women's empowerment, and overall economic development. Exploring the challenges and opportunities related to the deployment of renewable energy in rural areas is equally worthwhile.

Summary

The chapter has helped to improve knowledge of research on rural electrification in Ghana and the potential of renewable energy as an economic development driver. Furthermore, this chapter has presented an alternate political perspective on the problem, thereby contributing in providing better context in comprehending the Ghanaian government's policies and actions to promote universal power access. Finally, it emphasizes the considerable benefits that result from such policies being implemented.

Policies and Programs for Enhancing Access to Energy in Rural Areas

Review of existing policies and programs

Ghana has developed several policies and programmes to improve rural power access throughout the country. These initiatives seek to promote the use of renewable energy sources while using rural access to electricity as a driver of economic development. The National Electrification Scheme (NES), the Rural Electrification Fund (REF), and the Off-Grid Electrification Programme are all ongoing projects. The NES is a government project aimed at providing universal access to electricity in Ghana's rural areas (Mida.gov.gh, 2023). Its primary goal is to expand the national grid infrastructure into rural and semi-urban areas. The NES prioritizes marginalized communities and promotes the adoption of renewable energy technologies such as solar power gridsin rural areas. The program's goal was to connect all Ghanaian households to the national power grid by 2020 (Mida.gov.gh, 2023). Although the programme has linked millions of households to the grid, large sections of rural Ghana remain unconnected. The Rural Electrification Fund, sometimes known as the REF, is a government-funded programme that gives grants and loans to rural communities to assist them in financing their own electrification projects (Herbert, 2022). The REF has aided in the grid connection of various rural villages and continues to be an important source of funding for rural electrification.

The Off-Grid Electrification Programme (OGEP) is a government-led programme aimed at providing off-grid solar power solutions to rural communities that are not linked to the national grid. The OEGP has provided solar power to thousands of rural families and continues to increase its reach (Javadi et al. 2020). It encourages the adoption of alternative energy sources such as solar and small grids to address the electricity needs of off-grid communities. Ghana's Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) defines the country's long-term ambition for renewable energy growth (Energycom.gov.gh, 2019). It established goals and methods for boosting the use of renewable energy in rural areas of the country and attaining long-term rural electrification. By emphasizing private sector participation and investment, the REMP aims to increase installed alternative energy capacity and reduce carbon emissions (Energycom.gov.gh, 2019). The current strategy and programme reflect Ghana's commitment to expanding the power axis in rural areas by encouraging the use of alternative energy sources. The National Electrification Scheme, Rural Electrification Fund, Off-Grid Electrification Programme, and Renewable Energy Master Plan are some of the policies being implemented by the government to assist rural Ghanaians in becoming more electrified, improving their quality of life, and securing their energy future.

Existing policies in Ghana, such as the National Electrification Scheme, Rural Electrification Fund, Off-Grid Electrification Programme, and Renewable Energy Master Plan, are critical to rural electrification. These policies are critical in pushing the growth of power access and supporting energy development throughout Ghana. The National Electrification Scheme and Rural Electrification Fund are critical for extending grid infrastructure to Ghana's rural and semi-urban areas. They provide consistent electricityfor economic development, education, healthcare, and overall quality of life. The NES emphasizes alternate energy resources and financial assistance for rural electrification projects, making them more feasible and cheaper in low-population and rural areas (Chaplin et al. 2019). The Off-Grid Electrification Programme is a Ghanaian initiative that promotes alternative energy in rural communities through Agri solutions that use alternative technologies such as solar power and mini-grids. The Renewable Energy Master Plan, on the other hand, presents a road map for sustainable and rural electrification that emphasizes private sector involvement, involvement, and technological innovation.

The 12-year renewable energy master plan seeks to increase the usage of renewable energy in Ghana's power generation. This was launched in 2019 and its implementation is anticipated to cost approximately 5.6 billion dollars. The plan's major objective is to invest in solar, wind, biomass, and small hydro technology (Energycom.gov.gh, 2019). In addition to these policies, the Alternative Energy Act of 2011 establishes a legal framework for the development and use of alternative energy in Ghana, which is a significant step forward for the alternative energy sector and has guided the development of alternative energy projects (Ankrah and Lin, 2020). The significance of the current strategy is based on the government's combined efforts to promote rural electrification, harness renewable energy sources, and drive Ghana's economic growth and development. They serve as a framework for coordinated action, investment, opportunity, and collaboration across government and non-governmental organizations, as well as business entities and development organizations. Ghana improves rural access to electricity through these policies in order to improve livelihood, eliminate poverty, and develop a sustainable energy future for rural communities (Vassiliadese et al. 2022). These policies also contribute to the improvement of rural infrastructure, which can be used for medical equipment and other reasons, including hospital lighting. This endeavour ultimately helps contribute to the country's overall social and economic progress.

Examination of policy frameworks and implementation strategies

Policy frameworks are critical as they influence decision-making by setting goals and establishing standards for various sectors and areas of government. Similarly, Ghana developed a slew of policy frameworks to advance its goal of bringing electricity to rural areas in order to spur economic development (Aboagye et al. 2021). Some of these policy frameworks are investigated further below in order to gain in-depth knowledge that will be useful for this study.

The Ghanaian government already has some policies set up that have been implemented over the last few years to leverage power access in rural areas as a driver of economic development. The National Electrification Scheme (NES) is Ghana's policy framework for achieving universal electricity access by 2020 (Obeng-Darko, 2019). This policy framework outlined a number of objectives, including connecting all houses to the grid by 2020 and lowering electricity costs (Obeng-Darko, 2019). As a result, giving grid solutions to families that are not linked to the grid, as well as improving the dependability of the electricity supply. These goals were crucial to improving the level of living for many Ghanaians who do not have access to power. Another Ghanaian policy framework is the Rural Electrification Fund (REF), which was formed in 1999 by the Ghanaian government to encourage rural electrification (Diouf and Miezan, 2021). The Rural Electrification Fund Act of 1999 governs the REF policy framework (Diouf and Miezan, 2021). The REF policy was established to provide rural populations with reliable and inexpensive electricity access. The primary purpose of REF is to eliminate the power gap between urban and rural areas, boost social and economic growth, improve livelihoods, and improve rural residents' quality of life. The REF provided financial assistance to many rural areas, allowing millions of people to have access to power (Mulenga et al. 2023). This policy framework is significant since it has contributed to better the lives of millions of Ghanaians.

The Off-Grid Electrification Programme (OGEP) is another Ghanaian policy framework that was created by the government in 2016 to establish off-grid electrification (Javadi et al. 2020). The OGEP was effective in bringing off-grid electrification to Ghana's rural and semi-urban regions. The OGEP funded the creation of numerous off-grid electricity projects, resulting in millions of people now having access to electricity. Furthermore, OGEP effectively pushed the use of alternative energy in off-grid electrification initiatives. Many Ghanaians' lives were also enhanced as a result of this policy framework. Another extant policy framework is Ghana's Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP), which was developed in 2018 by Ghana's Ministry of Energy (Amo-Aidoo et al. 2022). The government launched the REMP as a strategy to increase the share of renewable energy in the entire national energy mix to 10% by 2030 (Ballo et al. 2022). The proposal also called for investments in alternative energy infrastructure including solar and wind power plants. This policy framework has the potential to considerably help Ghana achieve its goal of increasing the amount of alternative energy in the national energy mix in the near future.

Ghana's government implemented the National Electrification Scheme, or NES Ghana policy. However, there are several measures that the government might use to more successfully implement the NES policy. The government should emphasize connecting rural populations as well as promoting the use of alternative energy in order to ensure the efficient implementation of NES (Mukeshimana, Zhao, and Nshimiyimana, 2021). Raising public awareness is another strategy to improve implementation effectiveness. Furthermore, in order to make the Rural Electrification Fund or REF Ghana more effective, the government should focus on educating rural communities about the power system (Meyer and Overen, 2021). Furthermore, the Ghana government might create a roadmap outlining the particular goals of REF to make the policy's implementation go more smoothly. The government also demands that citizens from rural areas be included in the REF implementation process so that they can benefit more from it. As a result, the Ghana government's ongoing supervision of the implementation process is also essential for efficient implementation.

The Off-Grid Electrification Programme (OGEP) can be implemented more effectively by teaching rural populations about alternative energy and its benefits. The government should collaborate with the business sector to establish off-grid electricity projects (Boliko and Ialnazov, 2019). This would contribute to better OGEP policy execution. Finally, the government may try some novel approaches to improve the implementation of Ghana's REMP. One potential solution would be to focus on the development of alternative energy projects such as wind, solar power, and hydro projects, which would increase the quantity of accessible alternative energy and reduce Ghana's reliance on imported fossil fuels (Strielkowski et al. 2021). The government also requests that greater financial help be invested to achieve better execution. Raising public awareness about the benefits of REMP is also beneficial to the policy's implementation. However, the government may have certain difficulties in enacting any of these policies. As a result, the government must take all precautionary measures to avoid or alleviate obstacles that would impede the effective execution of these programmes.

Analysis of the effectiveness of programs in improving rural energy access

Policy implementation efficacy in Ghana's rural electrification might be classified as varied because certain programmes were more successful than others. The NES was effective in connecting millions of homes to the national grid, while the REF was less successful in supporting the rural electrification initiative. The OGEP has been effective in delivering off-grid solar power alternatives for rural homes, although its high costs have been criticized. However, several obstacles hampered the overall efficacy of these initiatives, including a lack of finance, the remote nature of rural areas, a lack of technical knowledge, and a lack of community engagement and infrastructure. The government has not always provided adequate financing for rural electrification programmes and thishas limited the number of projects that can be performed and families that can be linked to the grid. Many rural places are in locations that are hard to reach. Furthermore, there is a dearth of technical competence in Ghana to undertake rural electrification projects, which causes project delays and challenges with project execution (Nuru, Rhoades, and Sovacool, 2022). Furthermore, communities in some parts of the country have been excluded from the planning and implementation of rural electrification projects due to a communication gap, which has resulted in discord and antipathy in some situations.

Ghana's rural electrification programmes indicate the government's commitment to rural electrification and alternative energy deployment. Furthermore, precise data on effectiveness can vary; these data can be gathered through various data collection methods, such as surveys. The survey was administered to 71 persons, and 6 people were interviewed to collect data for the study. Furthermore, despite the project's obstacles in establishing rural electrification, some positive effects were observed (Antonanzas-Torres, Antonanzas, and Blanco-Fernandez, 2021). The effectiveness of policy implementation for rural electrification can be enhanced by addressing the elements that hampered the project's performance (Thomas et al. 2021). This can include increasing funding for rural electrification programmes, which make remote places more accessible, as well as giving greater technical skills and including the community in the planning and implementation of these projects. Overall, the government is working to provide rural electrification access to impoverished people through initiatives such as NES, REF, OGEP, and REMP, as well as to improve rural people's life quality by eliminating poverty.

The Ghanaian government established most of the initiatives to improve rural power availability and as a driver of economic development. Renewable energy programmes such as NES, REF, OGEP, and REMP are also advantageous to rural communities. NES focuses mainly on extending Ghana's energy infrastructure, including the extension of the national grid into rural areas. This allows residents to connect to the main grid and gain access to dependable electricity supplies. In rural locations where grid extension is not practicable, NES also promotes the adoption of decentralized alternative energy alternatives. This improves rural access to energy. The REF also increased rural access to electricity by giving funding for rural electrification initiatives (Dagnachew et al., 2020). The fund contributed greatly to the construction of power-producingfacilities, transmission lines, and distribution networks in remote towns. OGEP also offers rural populations off-grid options by supporting the adoption of decentralized alternative energy technology such as solar household systems and mini-grids. This considerably increases electricity access in remote places where grid extension is difficult or prohibitively expensive. The OGEP promotes private sector participation and development in the off-grid sector, facilitating the implementation of off-grid technology and creating a healthy market environment. This initiative expands energy availability to isolated locations, enabling people to use electricity for illumination, communication, security, and general development. The major goal of REMP is to develop and integrate renewable energy sources into Ghana's energy mix. REMP provides sustainable and clean energy solutions for rural areas, thereby assisting in improving rural energy availability for households (Olanrewaju et al. 2023). The strategy promotes the adoption of alternative energy technology in off-grid and grid-connected systems, thereby enhancing rural energy access while decreasing reliance on petroleum and other fossil fuels and addressing climate change. As a result, these measures boost rural energy access in a variety of ways.

Introduction

This chapter highlights alternative sources of energy that can be used to boost Ghana's rural electrification and economic development. This section provides valuable insight into the advantages of renewable energy options. The chapter also addresses the possibility of alternate energy supplies for rural electrification in Ghana and neighboring sub-Saharan African countries. In addition, viable solutions for alternative energy generation in rural regions were emphasized, such as solar panel installation, the utilization of water pumps, biomass energy, and others.

Leveraging Renewable Energy for Rural Electricity Access and Economic Development

Introduction to renewable energy sources in Ghana

For more than a decade, Ghana's electrification has primarily relied on hydropower. Ghana's rising economy necessitates urbanization and industrial activity that uses a large amount of electricity. However, the quick increase in electricity requires a greater reliance on fossil fuel, a costly oil and gas-based power-producing plant. This is because the slow rate of economic development has greatly impacted the rate of electrification in recent years (Gyamfi, Modjinou, and Djordjevic, 2015). This is why the emphasis has shifted to alternative energy resources to support Ghana's economic development. Where there are significant resources for renewable energy in Ghana, they are largely abundant due to the necessary infrastructure and planning. Using alternative energy to provide rural electricity access may contribute to Ghana's economic development and progress.

Ghana is located in West Africa and has an abundance of alternative energy resources such as hydropower, biomass, solar energy, wind energy, and so on. In addition to these energy resources, there is an opportunity for infrastructure expansion that may provide more than adequate electricity for the country and its economic development. Alternative energy resources are becoming increasingly important in Ghana's and Sub-Saharan Africa's energy landscapes (Menyeh, 2021). As the world shifts towards cleaner, more sustainable energy solutions, these regions are tapping into plentiful renewable resources to meet the country's growing energy demand while also addressing energy access disparity and combating climate change. Ghana is endowed with a varied array of renewable energy resources that have enormous promise for sustainability while producing power. With plenty of sunlight all year, solar power is one of the most abundant resources in the country. The country receives 5.5 Kilowatts per square meter of solar radiation per day on average, making it an ideal location for solar power generation (Sackey et al. 2023). Ghana's government has established a goal of generating at least 10% of its electricity from solar and other renewable sources by 2030 (Climateactiontransparency.org, 2019). Furthermore, wind energy generation has a good prospectin Ghana, particularly around the coast. Ghana's government has set a goal of generating 5% of its electricity from wind power by 2030 (Sun et al. 2020). Several rivers in the nation are ideal for hydropower generation. The 400 MW Bui Dam, Ghana's largest hydropower project, was completed in 2013 (Buipower.com, 2023). In addition, a variety of biomass resources, such as wood, agricultural waste, and animal waste, could be used to generate heat, power, and biogas.

Renewable energy is gaining popularity in Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa. These countries' governments are likewise investing in renewable energy sources in order to reduce their carbon footprint, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, improve energy security, and encourage rural electrification. Renewable energy is also considered a means of creating new job opportunities and promoting the region's economic development. The alternative energy sector is expanding, producing jobs that can help to alleviate poverty, and the energy sources are domestic and not susceptible to the same price volatility as fossil fuels. The total energy generation by electricity authorities in 2019 was 1034 gigawatts(Buipower.com, 2023). Using renewable sources of energy can also help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality. However, there are difficulties in constructing renewable power plants in Ghana and other African countries. The main challenges are the high upfront costs, a lack of infrastructure, and policy impediments. The initial cost of an alternative energy project can be prohibitively expensive, making it difficult to attract investors in this area. Due to inadequate transmission lines, distribution networks, and storage facilities, a lack of infrastructure in Ghana and other African countries can delay the development of alternative energy projects (Chan et al. 2018). Despite the limitations, Ghana and neighboring regions have a significant opportunity for developing renewable energy sources.

Ghana has potential for renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. This list can also contain geothermal and biogas. Adopting alternative energy sources provides prospects for long-term energy development, economic prosperity, and environmental protection (Kipkoech, Takase, and Amankwa Afrifa, 2022). By overcoming difficulties and utilizing the potential of renewable energy, these areas can play a critical role in reshaping the energy business for the future. Ghana is well-positioned to become a global leader in renewable energy. In this scenario, the implementation of appropriate laws and practices, as well as investment in renewable energy can have a significant impact on Ghana's future.

Advantages and potential of renewable energy for rural electrification

To build a sustainable and environmentally friendly future, the world has turned to sources of renewable energy. Renewable resources are mostly natural resources that can be easily regenerated, such as sunlight and wind. Renewable energy is defined as energy derived from natural resources that regenerate faster than they are depleted (Un.org, 2023). The use of alternative energy also helps to preserve fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Aside from this, alternative energy offers other advantages that assist the environment greatly.

Due to the rise in emissions of greenhouse gases, humanity has been confronting one of the most serious hazards of climate change. As a result, the usage of renewable energy has grown in popularity because one of its advantages is that it produces little to no greenhouse gases or air pollution. According to the report, green energy output climbed significantly, reaching 2,799GWin 2020 (Statista.com, 2023). Renewable energy also aids in the reduction of carbon emissions and the fight against climate change. Similarly, these natural resources reduce the overall ecological impact, conserve ecosystems, and help to protect the environment (Erdoan et al. 2021). Another advantage of adopting renewable energy is that it has an infinite supply and is sustainable. Renewable resources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power are infinite and may be used indefinitely, whereas fossil fuels are not. It also ensures a reliable and consistent energy supply for future generations.

Renewable energy sources have the potential to create a considerable number of jobs in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and research and development. According to the estimate, approximately 12.7 million individuals worldwide were employed in the renewable resources sector in 2021 (Statista.com, 2023). This figure is also likely to rise in the coming years. Another important benefit of reusable energy is that it helps strengthen local economies and contributes to economic progress. Besides this, the operating cost of renewable energy has decreased significantly in recent years due to price reductions in solar panels and wind turbines (Beiter et al. 2021). As a result, the nation benefits from using renewable resources because it creates more revenue at a cheaper cost than fossil fuels. Furthermore, the use of renewable resources promotes public health by lowering the hazardous emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Another advantage of using renewable energy sources is that it requires little or no water, which aids in water conservation. As a result, it can be claimed that using recyclable energy provides various benefits to nations.

Renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal offer various advantages for rural electrification in nations such as Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa. Solar energy from the Sun, wind energy in coastal and high-altitude locations, hydropower from flowing water from rivers and streams, and biomass from agricultural waste are all abundant resources. Off-grid solar systems and micro hydropowerplants, for example, reduce transmission losses and boost energy efficiency, benefiting remote and isolated rural areas (Gocking, 2021). Renewable energy also promotes energy independence, environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, job creation, and local development, all of which can benefit local livelihoods. Off-grid solar systems also have cheaper upfront costs and faster installation times, resulting in significant cost savings for rural populations. Thus, the adoption of an alternative energy project in rural electrification has tremendous potential to encourage local economic growth and foster renewable energy entrepreneurship. In addition, the share of renewable energy sources in Ghana was 31.7% in 2021, down from 57.1% in 2015 (Statista.com, 2023). Furthermore, Ghana's overall renewable energy capacity is estimated to be 1700 megawatts (Statista.com, 2023). This makes renewable energya high potential for alternative energy resources to become an integrated part of economic development. It can be assertedthat the potential of renewableenergy for electricity in rural areas is tremendous, with transformative implications for the rural community and its growth.

Ghana has the potential to become Africa's leader in renewable energy resources. According to World Bank research, solar photovoltaic power has a hugepotential incountries around the equatorsuch as Ghana (Worldbank.org, 2020). According to the report, Ghana offers good conditions for solar photovoltaic or solar PV, with an average daily output of more than 4.5-kilowatthours for each installed kilowatt of capacity (Worldbank.org, 2020). This indicates that solar PV has the potential to generate a substantial amount of electricity in Ghana. The survey also discovered that the cost of solar PV has decreased considerably in recent years, making seed an affordable alternative for nations such as Ghana. This solar PV, combined with the country's exceptional solar resources, makes the country a very appealing market for solar PV investment, with a considerable potential to enhance the country's economic prospects. Thus, the government might consider Ghana's renewable energy regulations and investments, as well as its immense solar resources, to create a more sustainable and prosperous future for its people.

Identification of renewable energy strategies suitable for rural areas

Renewable energy is a low-cost method of generating electricity. As a result, it contributes to sustainability,decreases adverseenvironmental impact, and generateszero carbon emissions. The majority of governments have made considerable financial investments in renewable energydevelopment and are now mandating energy providers to sell significant amounts of it (Agyekum, 2020). According to the report, investment in the energy transition surpassed spending on fossil fuels for the first time in 2022 (Statista.com, 2023). According to another projection, global new investments in renewable energy will exceed more than $495 billion in 2022 (Statista.com, 2023). This represents a progressive increase in the popularity of reusing resources. Because of their cost-effectiveness, renewable resources are also useful for providing power in rural areas. Furthermore, the development of jobs through renewable energystimulates the local economy in rural areas, benefiting the local population. 2020 (Bartik). However, in order to integrate renewable energy in rural areas, nations must develop successful plans. Renewable energy implementation plans in rural areas must address aspects such as energy demand, resource availability, economic sustainability, and social impact.

Solar panels contribute significantly to the generation of solar energy, which is classified as renewable energy because it can be replenished. As a result, solar energy is a diverse and abundant renewable energy source, making it ideal for rural locations with sufficient sunlight. Solar panel installation is one of the renewable energystrategies appropriate for rural locations. Photovoltaic (PV) systems based on solar panels can be used to generate electricity for homes, companies, hospitals, and community centers (Ozoegwu and Akpan, 2021). Furthermore, solar water heaters provide inexpensive hot water for sanitation, bathing, and cooking, boosting overall energy efficiency in rural regions. The use of wind power is another approach for renewable energydevelopment in rural areas. Small-scale wind turbines can be built to generate power, especially in areas with poor or non-existent grids. Wind-poweredpumpscan also help with water supply and irrigation, which are important in agricultural and waste management (Wang et al. 2020). Projects based on wind turbines would provide employment opportunities as well as revenue to the local population, resulting in overall development in that rural area.

Most rural areas around the world havea significant level of agricultural activity. As a result, biomass energy is another renewable energystrategy ideal for rural locations. Through the utilization of biomass energy, organic resources such as farm waste, animal waste, and wood are used to generate power and heat (Kalak, 2023). The vast majority of rural areas produce all of the resources required for biomass energy production. According to the report, biomass-based electricity generation reached 685 terawatt-hours in 2020 (Statista.com, 2023). This illustrates the potential of biomass energy, which would benefit rural areas. Furthermore, the electricity created by biomass energy serves as a clean fuel source for cooking. Aside from that, using biomass energy helps with waste management, reducing indoor air pollution, and increasing agricultural output through biofertilizer production (Yong et al. 2021). Micro-hydro power is another technique that rural regions with access to rivers or streams might use to generate electricity (Culaba and Marfori, 2020). Low-head or small-scale hydroelectric plants are cost-effective and provide electricity to remote towns or single residences, benefiting local populations. Furthermore, micro-hydro plants can run continuously, leaving little environmental impact and producing consistent energy all year. As a result, this is yet another excellent technique for utilizing renewable energyin rural areas.

Biogas technology is another viable technique to generate electricity from renewable resources in rural locations. Organic waste, such as crop waste and animal excrement, is common in rural regions. This rural biowaste is converted into methane-rich biogas by biogas digesters, which local people can use for cooking, lighting, and warmth (Black et al. 2021). Furthermore, biogas technology replaces inefficient cooking methods, reduces deforestation, and improves indoor air quality. Another option ideal for rural areas and renewable energy generation is the installation of upgraded cookstoves. The deployment of upgraded cook stoves in rural homes reduces biomass consumption and associated environmental implications significantly (Pratiti, 2021). These stoves burn wood or biomass more effectively, producing less smoke and using less fuel, reducing indoor pollution. Along with renewable energy electricity production, community-based renewable initiatives benefit residents. As a result, it can be argued that many appropriate solutions for renewable energy development and minimizing environmental effects while enhancing the lives of local residents can be employed in rural locations.

Case Studies and Best Practices: Successful Implementation of Renewable Energy Projects

Examination of practical examples showcasing successful renewable energy projects in rural Ghana

In the current years, Ghana has expanded as a regional leader in renewable energy development, by focusing on equipment and its abundant natural resources to promote or improve energy access, as well as reduce dependency on the planet's more precious fossil fuels and drive sustainable development, particularly in the rural areas. The study highlights the practical examples of successful renewable energy projects in the rural Ghana area. Apart from that, here is going to be showcasing how this initiative has transformed lives also authorized and empowered communities, and provided a greener future.

Off-Grid Solar Power Projects: This first and foremost point off-grid solar power project is an actual practical example that showcases how Ghana is successful in their renewable energy projects in the rural areas. In regions where the national grid is not accessible, grid solar solutions have bridged the energy gap, also contributing electricity to promote communities. Additionally, for evidence, the renewable energy for rural development program, promoted by the Ghanaian government in partnership with international organizations, installed solar mini grids in villages as well as in schools and health centers also (Statista.com, 2023). This is a practical example, so the impact of this project has been significant. It is shown that local businesses now have extended operating hours, children have access to reliable lighting for studying, and health facilities can refrigerate vaccines and medicine. Besides that, the household has been able to power necessary appliances, and this enhances their overall quality of life in Ghana.

Biomass for Cooking and Heating: The second important practical point is Biomass for cooking and heating. In rural Ghana area, the dependence on traditional Biomass for cooking and heating has been a longstanding challenge, leading to deforestation, air pollution, and adverse health effects. However, several successful renewable energy projects have introduced clean and sustainable biomass solutions to address these issues. One practical example is the extensive adoption of improved cookstoves. Based on the research it is found that in 2021 around 2.7 million tons of biomass were used for residential usage (Statista.com, 2023). These stoves have been established through different initiatives by NGOs and government agencies. They are designed to be more fuel-efficient, requiring less firewood or charcoal to cook meals, and cast down fewer harmful pollutants compared to traditional open fires. The increased efficiency of improved cookstoves not only enhances preserving forests but also improves indoor air quality, as well as reducing respiratory diseases that were prevalent due to smoke inhalation. The implementation of the cookstoves has impacted a positive response in rural communities. In the study, for example, it is noticed that those who are traditionally responsible for cooking, are spending less time gathering firewood, also allowing them to engage in other productive activities and they can pursue their education very easily. Moreover, the reduced demand for firewood positively impacts local ecosystems and biodiversity as well as providing for environmental conversation.

Community Wind Farms: In this next practical example here community wind farms have appeared as successful renewable energy projects in rural Ghana, harnessing the region's favorable wind resources to provide sustainable electricity and encouraging local empowerment. These projects involve active participation for the community as well as creating a sense of ownership and ensuring that the benefits of renewable energy generation directly impact the people living in the area. One practical example of a successful community wind farm is the Abokobi wind farm in the bigger Accra territory. This wind farm develops in collaboration with the government as well as with private investors and local communities (Amjad et al., 2021). The wind farm has a capacity of 225 kilowatts, and it can supply electricity to nearby villages and small towns. The project's development was based on edification with the community, ensuring that their concerns and aspirations were considered throughout the process. This project was a big success and the benefits of the Abokobi wind farm has been extensive. This project has provided a reliable and sustainable source of electricity to the community, as well as reducing their reliance on traditional energy sources and improving energy access. This has facilitated economic activities and enhanced the overall quality of life for residents of Ghana.

Biogas Production from Organic Waste: The following practical example, biogas production from organic waste, as a successful and innovative renewable energy project in rural Ghana. This sustainable solution utilizes agricultural residues and animal dung to produce clean biogas, also addressing energy needs while promoting environmental conversation and agricultural productivity. Techniman biogas plant in the Brong-Ahafo territory is a successful biogas project in Ghana. This community-led initiative was established in collaboration with local farmers and agricultural cooperatives. The plant utilizes agriculture waste such as crop sublimates and animal manure, as feedstock for biogas production (Statista.com, 2023). Lastly, the biogas is ready to be used for cooking, lighting, and heating. It has the power to replace traditional biomass sources like firewood and charcoal. The impact of the techniman biogas plant has been transformative for the community. Firstly it has significantly reduced the dependency on unsustainable fuels, curbing deforestation and mitigating indoor air pollution, which previously posed health risks to residents. This improvement in indoor air quality has led to better respiratory health outcomes, especially for women and children who were primarily exposed to the smoke from traditional cooking methods.

Analysis of key factors contributing to their success

Ghana's efforts to implement successful renewable energy projects in rural areas have been met with considerable successes in recent years. The study here is going to be covered the analysis of key factors which are contributing to their successful renewable energy projects and shaping their positive impact on rural communities. This initiative has played a crucial role in improving energy access, also promoting sustainable development and mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on the planet. In the below context, the above information is going to be discussed elaborately.

Abundant Renewable Resources: The first and foremost analysis of key factors is the abundant renewable resources which contribute to the success of renewable energy projects in rural Ghana. The country's favorable geographical location ensures significant availability of renewable resources which particularly involve solar and wind energy resources. This country Ghana has the benefit of enough sunlight throughout the year. It makes Solar energy a reliable and viable option for electricity generation in rural areas (Ibrahim et al., 2021). Off-grid solar power systems have been widely deployed in territories with Limited access to the national grid. It provides a sustainable source of electricity to remote communities. These solar installations have a transformative impact on rural livelihoods, as well as enabling access to clean energy for lighting, cooking, and powering necessary appliances in Ghana. As a result, based on the research it has been found that these renewable resources not only ensure a consistent energy supply but also reduce the country's reliance on fossil fuels and provide a beautiful environment also mitigate the climate changes which are happening on earth.

Government Commitment and Support: Government commitment and support have been vital factors that contribute to the success of renewable energy projects in rural Ghana. The Ghanaian government has demonstrated a solid commitment to providing renewable energy as a key component of its sustainable development strategy. Besides that, with the help of the formulation of supportive policies and regulations, the government has created an enabling environment for renewable energy development. The renewable energy act of 2011 and the national energy policy outline clear targets and mechanisms to incentivize investment in renewable energy projects (Ali et al., 2021). Asides this, these policies provide a predictable investment landscape and reduce risk for investors and encourage long-term commitments. Moreover, the government's willingness to engage in public-private partnerships and collaborate with international organizations has attracted foreign investments and expertise and facility for the implementation of large-scale renewable energy projects. As a result, it is an effective factor that encourages the community to attach to the foundation and work on it. This factor might provide a strong establishment for the success of renewable energy projects in rural Ghana. Besides that, the alignment of policies, financial incentives, and collaboration efforts with various stakeholders has fostered a conducive environment for sustainable energy development leading to improved energy access economic growth, and environmental conversation in rural communities.

Community Involvement and Empowerment: The following factor has played an impactful role in the success of renewable energy projects in rural Ghana. Active community involvement in Renewable Energy projects has several benefits. Particularly it allows for the identification of suitable project sides and the consideration of local knowledge and preferences in project design. The community must have familiar knowledge about their resources and energy needs, also any project developer to Taylor solutions that align with their specific circumstances. Secondly, the community has to participate for extends to project implementation and maintenance empowering local energy skills (Gill-Wiehl et al., 2022). Consequently, this not only ensures the long-term sustainability of projects but also enhances the community's self-reliance and capacity to manage their energy resources effectively. Furthermore, community involvement promotes acceptance and buy-in from residents. In this stage when the whole community is actively engaged in decision-making processes, then they are more likely to support and advocate for renewable energy initiatives. This reduces potential resistance and conflicts during project implementation, leading to smoother project execution. Additionally, here it is visible that with the help of the above key factors, they have been able to set up a successful renewable energy project in Ghana.

Lessons learned and best practices for implementing renewable energy initiatives.

The successful implementation of renewable energy projects in rural Ghana offers many lessons and best practices for similar initiatives in other territories. These lessons encompass key factors that have provided to the achievements of the project, also ensuring sustainable development, improved energy access, and environmental conversation. This particular context is going to highlight the lesson learned and best practices from renewable energy projects in rural Ghana. Besides that, it contributes insights for the policymakers, project developers, and stakeholders aiming to replicate their successes.

Tailored Technology Solutions: In this first point, the significant lesson learned from the successful implementation of renewable energy projects in rural Ghana is the importance of adopting tailored technology solutions. Ghana's diverse geography and resource availability require customized approaches to effectively harness renewable energy sources. In territories with ample solar radiation, off-grid solar power systems have been widely deployed to provide electricity to remote communities. These solar installations are designed to suit the specific energy needs of the area, also ensuring optimal performance and reliability (Shankar et al., 2020). The choice of solar Technology such as solar panels and battery storage systems is tailored to match the local energy demand and storage requirements. The adoption of Tailored Technology Solutions contributes protection that renewable energy initiatives in rural Ghana are efficient cost-effective and sustainable. It empowers local communities with appropriate and reliable energy solutions promoting energy access and enhancing livelihoods. Lastly, based on the research the best practices and lessons learned that other regions can also achieve successful and impactful implementation of renewable energy initiatives by replicating these best practices and customizing renewable energy projects to fit local conditions.

Access to Financing and Funding: The successful implementation of renewable energy projects in rural Ghana has highlighted the crucial role of access to financing and funding. Adequate financial support is essential for overcoming the initial capital investment and ongoing operation and expenses associated with renewable energy initiatives. In Ghana, access to financing has been facilitated by the government's commitment to promoting renewable energy development. Supportive policies such as feed-in tariffs and tax initiatives have attracted private-sector investment (Menyeh, 2021). Additionally, the government's involvement in public-private partnerships has mobilized funding from various sources including international organisations and private investors. Capacity-building and knowledge-sharing initiatives have also contributed to improved access to financing. The perceived risk associated with such project have been reduced making them more attractive for investment by raising awareness and knowledge about renewable energy projects among investors and financiers. Lastly replicating this best practice request strong government commitment to innovative financing models and Kolhapuri stakeholders to create a conducive financial environment for the renewable energy project. Other territories can also achieve the successful implementation of renewable energy initiatives and contribute to a greener and the most sustainable future by ensuring access to funding and financing.

Capacity Building and Training: The significant implementation of renewal energy projects in rural Ghana has emphasized the importance of access to capacity building and training. Building local capacity and providing training have been social factors in ensuring these initiatives' sustainability and long-term success. Capacity-building initiatives have empowered local communities with the knowledge of skills required to actively participate in project implementation and Management. Two technical training programs for individuals in visual areas have been associated with the expectation to operate and maintain renewable energy systems effectively. Training programs have extended beyond technical skills to Include awareness and knowledge building. As per the comments of Adenle, 2020, communities have to be educated about the benefits of renewable energy and the importance of environmental conversation. Apart from that the role they can play in promoting sustainable development is also included. Replicating this best practice required a commitment to investing in local capacity and providing training programs that are to the need and sources of each community. Governments, NGOs, and private organizations can collaborate to design and implement comprehensive capacity-building initiatives that ensure the successful adoption and management of renewable energy projects in rural areas. Other countries also can achieve the transformative impact of renewable energy initiatives on rural livelihoods and sustainable development by providing access to capacity-building and training programs.

Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning: Monitoring evaluation and learning have prevented to be critical elements in the successful accomplishment of renewable energy projects in rural Ghana. These processes provide valuable insights and enable continuous improvement ensuring the efficiency effectiveness and sustainability of initiatives. Monitoring involves regular data collection and tracking of project performance. Project developers can identify early warning signs of potential issues by monitoring key indicators such as energy generation usage and system functionality. Timely interventions can be made to address technical problems or operational challenges preventing them from escalating and impacting the project's success.

Evaluation is also an essential aspect of assessing the outcomes and impacts of renewable energy projects. Stakeholders can measure the project's progress against pre-determined targets and objectives through rigorous evaluation. This allows for a comprehensive assessment of the project's effectiveness in achieving its intended goals. Evaluations also help identify areas of improvement and inform future decision-making. Learning is a continuous process that stems from monitoring and evaluation efforts. Project developers can identify best practices and areas for improvement by analyzing data and feedback from stakeholders (Adenle, 2020). Lessons learned from one project can be shared and applied in future initiatives ensuring that mistakes are not repeated, and successful strategies are replicated. At last, this context is declared about the best practices and lessons learned for implementing renewable energy initiatives. Here it must be suggested that other states can achieve similar success in providing clean and sustainable energy access to rural communities while promoting economic growth and environmental conversation by embracing monitoring evaluation and learning as fundamental components of renewable energy projects.

Implications for Future Policy and Practice

Research findings and key insights synthesis

Ghana, a WestAfrican nation, has recently begun to focus more on generating electricity from renewable energy sources. Due to theeconomic downturn, the country has had reduced demand for power in recent years (Aboagye et al. 2021). As a result, the government of this country began to spend more on producing electricity from renewable resources, particularly in rural areas. Ghana also has an abundance of natural resources that can be used to promote or increase energy access in the country. This effort helps to reduce reliance onfossil fuels, ultimately supporting sustainable development in rural areas. Solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, biomass, and other alternative energy sources are being used by this country. Ghana receives a substantial amount of solar radiation, which is 5.5 kilowatts per metre square, according to the conclusions of this study (Sackey et al. 2023). This number makes this country an ideal location for solar energy generation. Similarly, the Ghanaian government set a target of producing 10% of its electricity from solar power and other renewable resources by 2030 (Climateactiontransparency.org, 2019). The data also revealed that Ghana's government intended to generate 5% of its electricity from wind energy by 2030 (Sun et al., 2020). As a result, the government has implemented a variety of strategies to attain these objectives.

This study's conclusions highlighted some of the case studies and best practices that catalyzed thesuccessful deployments of renewable energy projects in Ghana's rural areas. Off-grid solar power installations are one example of a successful deployment of renewable energy sources to generate electricity (Gocking, 2021). This project was carried out in rural locations where the national grid is not available. Based on the findings, the Ghanaian government formed alliances with foreign organizations to establish mini-grids in villages, as well as health centres and schools (Statista.com, 2023). This type of solar power plant dramatically improved rural electricity availability. As a result, local businesses began to extend their operation hours, while students began to demand more efficient lighting for studying. As a result, the health centres may now refrigerate vaccines and medicines, which ultimatelyimproves the people's overall well-being. These enhancements paved the way for the development of off-grid solar power systems. The research revealed another practical example of renewable resource inclusion, which is the adaption of better cook stoves. Improved cookstoves use less firewood and charcoal than traditional cookstoves. Increases the quality of indoor air while also lowering respiratory ailments caused by smoke inhalation.

Based on the research, the government launched another renewable energy initiative based on community wind farms in rural Ghana. The Abokobi wind farm is one of the larger acreages that generate electricity in conjunction with the government, commercial investors, and local people (World Health Organisation, 2022). According to the findings, this project was a success because it supplied the local community with a consistent and sustainable source of electricity while also lowering their reliance on fossil fuel sources. Biogas production from organic waste is another successful reusable energy-producinginitiative. The findings highlighted a practical example of this project, the Techniman biogas facility in the Brong-Ahafo region (Statista.com, 2023). In addition, the findings showed that the Ghanaian government may encounter challenges in producing electricity from renewable energy resources in remote areas due to a lack of transmission lines, distribution networks, and enough storage facilities (Chan et al. 2018). However, the findings show that Ghana and its neighbouring region have tremendous potential in alternative energy resources such as biomass, wind, solar, and hydro (Kipkoech, Takase, and Amankwa Afrifa, 2022). Likewise, using these resources would significantly reduce carbon emissions, generate sustainable energy, and boost economic growth and environmental conservation.

The study's findings also emphasised the benefits and possibility of using renewable energy to generate electricity in Ghana's rural communities. According to the statistics, the percentage of electricity generated from renewable resources has dramatically increased in recent years (Statista.com, 2023). This represents a beneficial result of employing reusable energy resources to generate electricity in rural areas. As a result, using reusable energy resources reduces environmental impact while also conserving ecosystems (Erdoan et al. 2021). Aside from that, the area of generating electricity from reusable sources employs a substantial number of people. Globally, the renewableenergy resource sector employs 12.7 million people (Statista.com, 2023). This means that citizens of Ghana's rural areas will benefit economically from the use of renewable electricity generation. Furthermore, global investment in renewable energy surged dramatically in 2022 (Statista.com, 2023). This also includes the Ghana government's investment, which boosts the local economy through job placements. Furthermore, the data demonstrated that Ghana's rural areas have a good probability of generating electricity from biomass because they provide all of the materials required for biomass energy production.

The study findings also shed light on the numerous essential elements that contributed to the success of various initiatives involving the generation of electricity from renewable resources undertaken by the Ghana government in recent years. The abundance of renewable resources in Ghana's rural areas is one of the major reasons that contributed to the success of the government's various programmes (Zebra et al. 2021). Off-grid solar power systems, for example, that have been deployed in many regions, improve access to clean energy for lighting, cooking, and powering necessary appliances (Randle-Boggis et al. 2021). As a result, the Ghanaian government provided significant assistance and commitment, which contributed to the success of reusable resource initiatives in rural areas. The Ghana government also enacted the Renewable Energy Act in 2011, which was critical in the development of several initiatives involving the generation of power from reusable resources (Ankrah and Lin, 2020). Similarly, the government made several financial investments, lowering investor risk and encouraging long-term commitments. Local community support was also important in the project's success. As a result, it can be stated that the Ghana government included various methods and initiatives, as well as imposed several guidelines acts, in order to reap the benefits of using renewable energy sources to generate electricity in rural areas. Furthermore, the growth of rural electricity serves as a catalyst for Ghana's economic development.

Policy interventions to improve rural electrification in the future

The Ghanaian government has already implemented several methods and programmes to improve rural electricity by harnessing renewable resources. Ghana's government also funded initiatives, some of which were successful in supplying electricity to remote areas using reusable energy resources (Kuamoah, 2020). However, Ghana may encounter future issues when adopting renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, and biomass. As a result, the Ghanaian government must incorporate the followingfuture policy measures to improve rural electrification in order to offset these difficulties.

Firstly, the Ghanaian government, in collaboration with non-governmental organisations, must provide finance channels, as well as subsidies, to encourage the deployment of renewable energy systems in rural areas. Grants, low-interest loans, and tax incentives for renewable energy projects in underserved areas are examples of such processes or systems (Paim et al. 2023). Similarly, targeted funding may minimise the upfront costs of rural electrification projects, making them more financially viable. Another policy intervention, on the other hand, is fostering public-private partnerships to maximise the knowledge and assets of the public and private sectors in improving rural electrification (Geoffrey Deladem et al. 2021). Collaboration between private enterprises specialising in rural renewable energy development will greatly speed projects while assuring sustainable operations and desirable outcomes (Geoffrey Deladem et al. 2021). As another policy intervention, the government is strongly advised to employ novel financial models. Innovative finance strategies, such as pay-as-you-go systems, make it easier for rural households to affordably get power (Adwek et al. 2020). Simultaneously, low-income families can gain access to energy services through flexible payment options that can help them overcome financial hurdles. By implementing mini-grid and off-grid alternatives, the government has already seen a positive response (Backer, Keles, and Bergaentzlé, 2023). As a result, the Ghana government should focus on encouraging more of this programme in order to promote gradual participation in electricity in rural areas.

The government has begun to educate local communities about the process and importance of using renewable energies to generate electricity in rural areas. In the current situation, the government has suggested enabling technology transfer and capacity-building activities to teach local communities and technicians about the installation, operation, and maintenance of renewable energy systems (Herrando, Gómez, and Fueyo, 2022). Incorporating thecommunities into the process would enhance the long-term viability of initiatives involving the generation of power from reusable resources in rural areas. In addition, the Ghanaian government is advised to streamline and accelerate regulatory clearance procedures for renewable energy projects in order to stimulate investment and remove administrative hurdles (African Union Commission, 2023). As a result, the streamlined regulatory framework creates a beneficial atmosphere for investors and developers to invest in various electrification projects in Ghana's rural areas (African Union Commission, 2023). This is yet another intervention measure that will help Ghana improve rural electricity. The awareness of the usage of renewable resources motivates local populations to engage in projects since they recognise the employment opportunities (Kallis et al. 2021). This phenomenon generates demand and enhances acceptability of rural changes required for the development of electricity-related projects.

Another policy intervention that the government of Ghana should implement is data collection and mapping. Micro mapping of rural areas aids in finding places with the greatest energy needs as well as the best renewable energy resources (Bukari et al. 2021). On the other side, data-driven decision-making processes can help the government accomplish effective resource allocation and prioritisation (Hughes, Giest, and Tozer, 2020). As a result, both data and mapping contribute to an increase in rural electricity, which benefits Ghana. dependent on this discussion, it can be stated that the Ghana government can implement a variety of policy interventions in the future dependent on their needs.

Discussion of potential problems and future research concerns

While pursuing sustainable and inclusive rural electrification through alternative energy efforts in Ghana, a variety of potential obstacles occur. These issues must be thoroughly examined in order to comprehend the significance of rural electrification, as well as potential impediments and the necessity for future research on the subject. One of the key obstacles to alternative energy initiatives is financial sustainability. Future research should look into innovative financial models that may be utilised to investigate income generation strategies in order to keep rural electrification projects viable. The use of alternative energy technology in rural Ghana is critical for enhancing the quality of life (Nuru, Rhoades, and Gruber, 2021). One of the major problems for rural electrification in Ghana is a lack of community involvement. This is due to a lack of understanding about alternate energy resources and their affordability to the local population. Aside from that, societal and cultural variables influence the acceptance and adoption of sustainable energy resources (Asante et al. 2021). Effective monitoring and data collecting are required to assess the local community's willingness to adopt alternative energy. As a result, future research should concentrate on the development of comprehensive data-gatheringsystems as well as mechanisms for regularly monitoring and evaluating the rural electrification program.

Renewable energy resources have been shown to have a lower environmental footprint than fossil fuels. However, these projects may cause harm to the animals that live in that rural area, or future land-use issues may occur (Leonard et al. 2022). As a result, the Ghana government or groups in charge of various renewable energy projects should regularly monitor the environmental impact of these initiatives (Mutezo and Mulopo, 2021). Similarly, while making a decision to avoid these future issues. Another potential issue that may develop is one of capacity building and training. Even after educating and teaching local populations about reusable energy projects, skilled workers to design, run, and maintain the project may be difficult to find (Zebra et al. 2021). As a result, the government must focus on selecting some individuals to provide better training so that they may be appointed and the project can be sustained. In a different setting, Ghana has an abundance of natural resources that can be used to generate electricity from reusable resources (Altinoz and Dogan, 2021). Despite this, climate change is one of the possible challenges because it has the potential to undermine the profitability of renewable energy supplies. Furthermore, Ghana is extremely vulnerable as a result of climate change and its effects on the country. Future research should be carried out to determine the influence of assessments on programmes supporting sustainable development and conservation in the country.

The government of Ghana must build institutional capacity since a lack of infrastructure in rural areas impedes the completion of alternative energy projects. Future research on the subject may yield promising ideas to boost rural electrification and improve rural infrastructure in order to implement alternative energy programmes. Other than the challenges, there are other aspects that should be examined for future research on rural electrification in Ghana. The availability of alternative energy sources in Ghana is critical to examine for each rural region (Twumasi et al. 2020). The technical feasibility of these alternative energy projects in various places isrequired to be properly assessed, as well as their social and environmental impact on the community (Keyßer and Lenzen, 2021). Overall, future studies can assist to ensure that the use of alternative energy resources in rural electrification in Ghana is sustainable and inclusive by taking these aspects into account, as well as the potential problems. Furthermore, future research might help to reduce the issues by identifying potential methods to give sustainable alternatives to the rural electrification project.

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Conclusion

Summary of key findings and their implications

The main outcomes of the study on leveraging rural electricity access as a driver of economic growth in Ghana includes the fact that the country hasabundant renewable energy resources, government and community empowerment, personalized technology solutions, and access to financing, among other things are necessary to make the journey of electricity access a success. Ghana's geographical location benefits from abundant alternative energy resources. Due to its geographical location, Ghana has access to an abundance of alternative resources such as solar, hydro, biomass, and wind energy. Utilizing these resources has been critical in the effective implementation of renewable energy projects in Ghana's rural areas. The study emphasized the significance of discovering and utilizing accessible natural resources to promote sustainable energy excess with the assistance of government commitment and support. Ghana's government encourages alternative energy production through laws, regulations, and public-private partnerships such as the Ghana Renewable Energy Act of 2011 and the Rural Electrification Fund Act of 1999. Strong government support is required to provide a favorable environment for alternative energy efforts. It has also been discovered that community involvement and empowerment play an important influence in the success of alternative energy projects. The inference is that community involvement is essential for garnering acceptability and guaranteeing the long-term success of alternative energy initiatives. Customization of technology solutions to each rural area's individual energy needs and resources has been critical to the project's success.

Technological advancement and efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and resource availability in each rural location have all been important to project success. The upshot is that adopting proper Technology Solutions is critical for obtaining desired results. Adequate funding and financing have been critical in overcoming the initial capital investment and continuing costs involved with alternative energy initiatives. The government of Ghana adopted many programs and frameworks, including NES, OGEP, and REMP, to promote rural electrification, which effectively enhanced rural electricity availability. The REMP, Scaling-Up Alternative Energy Program, and REF, together with other organizations, will receive money from various government and non-government organizations. The Millennium Challenge Corporation also funds several current projects, such as the Volta River Authority's Ghana's first 50 MW floating solar plant on Volta Lake. The importance of this funding and financial support for project implementation and sustainability cannot be overstated. Building local capacity and giving training has also been beneficial in empowering the community to participate actively in project execution and management. Technical awareness and training programs increased project outcomes, implying that investing in capacity-building and knowledge-sharing activities that promote the success of alternative energy projects was a wise decision.

Regular monitoring, assessment, and learning have also been beneficial in detecting product progress and addressing difficulties in order to ensure continued improvement of rural electrification in Ghana. Data analytics and lessons learned aided in making educated decisions and planning future projects. Monitoring, assessment, and learning have a favorable impact on effective and sustainable alternative energy programs. The primary findings of the successful implementation of alternative energy projects in rural Ghana highlight the relevance of Ghana's plentiful alternative energy resources due to its geographical location, which has been effective due to the government's dedication to sustainability. Community involvement, financial support from various bodies, capacity building, and monitoring have all contributed to the success of these programs in promoting rural energy access in Ghana. The consequences have underlined the significance of stakeholder participation, local empowerment, and strategic planning in attaining sustainable energy excess that not only encourages rural electrification but also promotes rural economic development. As a result, it is critical to reflect on the lessons learned from project practices and use the knowledge gained in another location to achieve similar success in implementing alternative energy as a source of alternative power in rural parts of Sub-Saharan Africa and Ghana.

Significance of leveraging renewable energy for rural electricity access and economic development in Ghana

One of the most significant challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana is the lower access to energy which has rose significant concern from the local and government bodies. Despite the initiative of the Government and its policy and programs, there is still a lack of financial infrastructure in the country. Alternative resources and energy have a pivotal role to play in the rural electricity access improvement as well as economic development in Ghana (Nyasapoh, Elorm and Derkyi, 2022). The key benefits of rural electrification by leveraging alternative energy resources include improved access to electricity, economic development, environmental benefits and improved lifestyle of the local community. Some examples of reusable energy are biomass, solar, wind and hydro (Aga et al. 2023). Also, providing access to electricity for rural communities can enhance they are quality of life by providing lighting, communication and other necessary services. Rural communities can be benefited economically from these alternative energy resources. This can be accomplished in part by providing businesses with access to dependable, reasonably priced electricity that can help foster job growth and catalyze the rise of the national economy (Mutezo and Mulopo, 2021). Overall, utilising alternative energy can be beneficial for both economic development in rural areas and rural electrification in Ghana.

Alternative energy is a clean, sustainable energy source that can lessen greenhouse gas emissions and help to combat climate change and global warming. This is particularly important for Ghana, a country that is extremely susceptible to the consequences of climate change. In addition to these direct benefits, the relevance of alternative energy sources can also have several secondary benefits for rural areas. For instance, having access to energy can improve healthcare and education by reducing poverty and improving food security (Boon and Anuga, 2020). The Ghanaian government is cognizant of the potential of renewable energy sources and has established challenging objectives to raise the share of these sources in the country's energy capacity. However, some significant challenges are needed to be addressed to fully leverage the potential of alternative energy resources for rural electrification in Ghana. The challenges include supply chain challenges, project delays, challenges with projects, execution of high upfront costs, a lack of infrastructure and policy impediments (Simpeh et al. 2023). Despite the challenges, some significant projects are ongoing to improve rural electrification and economic development in Ghana. These projects include National Electrification Scheme, the Renewable Energy Master Plan, the Rural Electrification Fund and the Scaling-Up Alternative Energy Program. The government aim to provide electricity access in rural areas through NES, the REF, and the Scaling-Up Alternative Energy Programs (George et al. 2019). Overall, with the right initiative and support the alternative energy project has a significant potential to play a larger role in the country's economic development and future growth.

Call to action for sustainable and inclusive rural electrification efforts

Ghana has made significant progress in recent years while expanding its access to electricity, but there are still millions of people who do not have access to reliable and affordable electricity. Most of these people live in rural areas where the cost of extending the national grid is prohibitive. Alternative energy technologies like solar, wind and hydropower offer promising solutions for providing electricity to the rural community in Ghana. These technologies are relatively inexpensive to install and maintain and can be used to generate electricity even in remote areas of Ghana (Mensah, Oyewo and Breyer, 2021). However, research has found that there are significant challenges that needed to address to ensure access to energy for the rural community to achieve sustainable and inclusive rural electrification in Ghana. Additionally, it is also found that high upfront costs, lack of access to finance, weak institutional capacity, and social and cultural barriers are the main challenges that need to be mitigated. The research also found that there is a need for a coordinated effort between the government and private sector with civil society. The government should provide financial support and technical assistance to rural communities that are interested in adopting alternative energy technology (Pascaris et al. 2021). Along with Ghana's civil society, which is crucial in spreading knowledge of the advantages of rural energy access and sustainability, the private sector should contribute to the development of new alternative energy sources and projects.

With this research, the development of cost-effective and affordable alternative energy technology would gain a significant focus shortly to improve the efficiency of the current project. The development of a financing mechanism for these types of alternative energy projects also needs significant research and understanding between Government and local agencies to enhance rural electrification (Müller et al. 2020). Also, by understanding the social and cultural to the adoption of alternative energy technology can help to improve rural energy access and the findings of the research can provide a recommendation for future development in rural electrification projects. Also, the future scope of this research includes energy storage solutions, policy innovation and the development of microgrids and digital connectivity (Menyeh, 2021). The future scope of the research can pay the way for sustainable, inclusive and transformative rural electrification in Ghana. These efforts would not only improve energy access but also drive economic development, protect the environment and enhance the overall well-being of Ghana's rural communities.

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