Anatomy And Physiology Of the Human Body Q&A Sample

Anatomy And Physiology Of the Human Body

Answer Of Question 1: Initial description of injuries

The injuries were regarding the left side of his body, and are given below. Ten different body structures on the left side that could have the possibility of injuries in the order of cranial to caudal are given below.

• Left brain
• Left corpus callosum
• Barca's and wernicke's areas of the brain
• The human heart
• Left lung
• Left kidney
• Stomach
• Left testicle (Goehler, et al. 2019).
• Left upper leg bone
• Left ankle

The MRI system used the midsagittal plane for the generation of images of the structures of the human body. Since, Mr. Pedro had injuries in his left side of his body, the probable injury sites and structures of the body were given above (Patton, 2022). He had injuries on the soft tissues on the left side.

Answer Of question 2: Anatomical terminology

Mr. Pedro had sustained injuries in the five different areas at the left side of his body. The places of injuries were at the left side of his head, left side of his chest, left kidney, left ankle, and left testicle (Wang, et al., 2019). The places could be described in different orientation terms, five of them were given below.

Directional terms

This terminology described about the position of a body structure in relation to the other structures present in the human body.

Injury at the left side of the head can be said as injury in the medial, superior part of the body.

Injury at the left side of the chest can be said as lateral, anterior, superior part of the body.

Injury at the left kidney could be said as medial, posterior, inferior part of the body.

Injury at the left testicle could be said as injury in the midline, anterior and inferior part of the body (Long, et al. 2020).

Injury at the left ankle could be said as injury in the lateral, anterior, and inferior part of the body.

Regional terms

The term describes the region of the body which would be used to describe the relative position of a body structure in different regions of the body.

Injury at the left side of the head can be said as axial region.

Injury at the left side of the chest can be said as frontal or ventral side of the body.

Injury at the left kidney could be said as the injury in the axilla portion of the body.

Injury at the left testicle could be said as injury in the Axilla area of the body.

Injury at the left ankle could be said as injury in the ankle area of the body.

Body cavity terms

This term described the location of a body structure in relation to the location of a cavity in the body. Two main cavities are called as dorsal and ventral cavities.

Injury at the left side of the head can be said as injury in the cranial part.

Injury at the left side of the chest can be said as injury in the ventral part.

Injury at the left kidney could be said as the injury in the dorsal part (Chen, et al. 2020).

Injury at the left testicle could be said as injury in the ventral part.

Injury at the left ankle could be said as injury in the ventral part.

Abdominopelvic and quadrant terms

This term described about the location of a body structure based on the location of internal abdominal structure and the quadrant plane which divides the body into left and right upper, and left and right lower portions.

Injury at the left side of the head can be said as injury in the left hypochondriac and left upper quadrant.

Injury at the left side of the chest can be said as injury in the left hypochondriac and left upper quadrant.

Injury at the left kidney could be said as the injury in the left lumber and, left lower quadrant (Akim, 2022).

Injury at the left testicle could be said as injury in the umbilical and left lower quadrant.

Injury at the left ankle could be said as injury in the left iliac and left lower quadrant.

Transverse plane terms

The transverse plane divided the body into superior and inferior terms.

Injury at the left side of the head can be said as injury in the superior left side.

Injury at the left side of the chest can be said as injury in the superior left side.

Injury at the left kidney could be said as the injury in the anterior left side.

Injury at the left testicle could be said as injury in the anterior left side (Chen, et al. 2021).

Injury at the left ankle could be said as injury in the anterior left side.

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Answer of question 3: Respiratory system

Structure of Respiratory system

This system helps to maintain the respiration, and metabolic processes of each cells of the body. The structure is given below.

• Mouth and nose: It is the outer portion of the respiratory system. These are the openings that plays a role in the pulling in or pushing out air to and from the body (Mehta, et al. 2019). The mouth and nose are the part of the upper respiratory system.

• Sinuses: The sinuses are related to the respiratory system of the body. It is the hollow area between the bones present inside the head (Lung.ca, 2019). It helps in the inhalation of air.

• Pharynx: This is a tube-like structure that connects the trachea and the upper portion of the respiratory system.

• Trachea: This is the long passage, and tube-like structure that connects the upper respiratory system, like the pharynx with the lungs (Soldati, et al. 2019).

• Bronchial tubes: This structure is present at the bottom of the tube, which connects each of the two lungs. The wall of the tube separate the respiratory systems from the digestive tract.

• Lungs: These are the core part of the respiratory system. It performs the main function of gaseous exchange of the body. There are air sacs, known as alveoli.

Process of gas exchange

Within the lungs, there are bronchioles, with tiny alveoli. When the oxygen-filled air reaches those sacs, they inflated (Dutta, et al., 2020). The sacs are further connected with the capillaries of the veins coming from the heart. The oxygen-filled air enter the bloodstream through these capillaries located on the walls of alveoli and passed towards the heart through the artery. Whereas, at the same time, carbon dioxide-filled air coming from the heart, dumps the air into the sacs (Kusnadi, et al., 2019). These air molecules are then further passed on to the respiratory system and finally out of the body. The process is described in the diagram below.

Since, he had sustained a deep cut in his left chest, it would lead to a decreasing function of his left lung, which will affect the function of rest of his body systems.

Answer of question 4: Renal System

Structure of Renal system

There are two separate kidneys, present on the left side and right side of the body. The kidneys are the core organ of this system and are shaped like beans.

• Nephron: The structural unit of the kidney is called “nephron”. Each nephron is a enlarged and closed, that is long tube shaped structure, with a cylindrical structure at the end. The nephron has two main structural parts, “tubules” and “corpuscles” (Ma, et al. 2019). The corpuscles are cup-shaped and contain the glomeruli. And encloses a cluster of capillaries, known as “glomerulus” (Ghartavol, et al. 2019). The tubules are small tube like structures that have three parts. Among them two are coiled like structure separated by a curve like structure, the other one is known as the “loop of Henle”.
• Cortex: This is the outer tissues of kidney, which is located below the renal capsule. The cortex part reaches out into the innermost renal tissues, which are called renal medulla. The renal tubules were then descended into a renal pyramid.
• Renal Medulla: The innermost structure is called “renal medulla”. The structure also contained a minor part known as the minor calyx. Another structure known as the minor calices then joined to form major calyx.
• Georta's fascia: It is a thin fibrous tissue, which is located outside the main structure of the kidneys. The renal capsule is a layer, that helped the kidneys to anchored within the abdominal wall.

Function of kidneys

The kidney functions as the main source of generation of urine and removal of wastes from the body.

• It filters the bloodstream to generate waste products and the formation of urine.
• It excretes metabolic wastes like urea, or uric acid through urine (Cicchinelli, et al. 2020).
• It also helps to maintain a certain balance in the level of acids and bases in the human body by reabsorption of the bicarbonate ion from urine. Also, excreting acid and hydrogen ions into the urine.

Since, Mr. Pedro had developed a swelling in his left kidney, it would potentially lead to a damage of the internal structures as well. As a result, there is a possibility of the development of large waste being gathered in his body (Jing, et al., 2022). Also, there would be an increasing pressure on his right kidney.

Answer of question 5: Endocrine system

Structure of Endocrine system

The endocrine system in the human body mainly consists of “hypothalamus”, “pituitary gland”, “thyroid gland”, “parathyroid gland”, “adrenal gland”, “pancreas”, “ovaries”, and “testes” among others. The glands were present in the brain, neck, reproductive organs and others (Guarnotta, et al., 2022). The whole system is interconnected through the capillaries and interconnected to the blood veins and arteries.

• Hypothalamus gland: The biggest gland is the “hypothalamus gland”, which is present inside the brain. It controls the endocrine system. It takes in information from the nervous system, and helps to determine other glands when to be active, and when to negatively control the mechanism.
• Pituitary gland: The pituitary gland secretes hormones like “adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)”, “Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)”, and “Growth hormone” among others (Andújar, et al. 2019). The adrenal gland of the pancreas secretes hormones like adrenaline, noradrenaline.
• Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is of the shape of butterfly, and present in front of the neck. Hormones secreted from this gland, were responsible for the metabolism of the body.
• Adrenal gland: There are two adrenal glands present over the top of each kidneys. The glans is of a triangular shape.
• Pancreas: The pancreas is a leaf shaped organ that plays important role in the metabolism of the food intakes taken (Vieira, et al. 2020). This secretes insulin, which plays a crucial role in the management of the blood sugar.

Function of testosterone

Testosterone is mainly present in the male body, and plays a critical role in the process of reproduction. The hormone is produced by the male gonad or testes. The main function of testosterone is given below.

• It is deeply involved in the development of secondary sex characteristics of male (Moreau, et al. 2020). Such as increasing muscular build-up, deep voice, and growth of facial and pubic hair.
• It is also involved in the increasing amount of synthesis of proteins in muscles, which helps to increase the muscle mass.
• The hormone also plays a role in the enlargement of the prostate gland, testes and penis.

Since, Mr. Pedro had damaged his left testicles, testosterone hormone would be deficient in his body. As, it also helps in the development of muscles, it would lead to a further weakening of his body muscles.

Answer of question 6: Connective tissues

Description of Connective tissue

The components of the connective tissues include the extracellular fibres, an amorphous matrix called ground substance, and migratory cells.

• Extracellular fibers: These fibers were consisted of three kinds of tissues. Those are collagens, elastic and reticular. The collagen is the most abundant tissues, and appeared as a colourless strands that goes towards all direction (Jaji, et al. 2019). Collagen contained a vast amount of “hydroxyproline” and “hydroxylysine”. Elastic fibers were composed of the protein elastin.
• Amorphous matrix: The amorphous matrix is a type of connective tissue that is composed of transparent materials which are highly viscous (McKee, et al., 2019). The core component of this structure is a carbohydrate known as “glycosaminoglycans”. Other carbohydrate is known as hyaluronic acid, which is composed of gluconic acid and amino sugar namely “N-acetyl glucosamine”.

The cells of a connective tissue is composed of “adipose tissue” and “fibroblasts”. The fibroblast cells were composed of long, spindle-shaped cells which were also comprises of a bundles of collagen fibrils.

Haematopoiesis

The term “Haematopoiesis” is the formation of blood cells and cellular components. This process generally happened during the stage of embryonic development. It also continued throughout the adulthood of a person, and continuously replenishes the blood system (Galler, et al. 2021). The process is given below.

Before birth, it happened during the early stages of embryogenesis, in the egg yolk sac, and thereafter the liver. The “pluripotent stem cells” continuously produce in an automated manner. After the completion of the division, these cells matured to become different mature types of blood cells (Krista, 2021). These include monocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and lymphocytes among others.

Since Mr. Pedro had damaged his left side of the body badly, it had also affected the formation of blood cells through Haematopoiesis. As a result, of the falling of blood cells due to under-replenishment of his blood cells, he needed an urgent blood transfusion.

References

Book

• (Patton, 2022) Anatomy & Physiology with Brief Atlas of the Human Body. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com /books [Accessed on: 10.06.2023]

Journals

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• Chen, T., Fang, C., Shen, X., Zhu, Y., Chen, Z. and Luo, J., 2021. Anatomy-aware 3d human pose estimation with bone-based pose decomposition. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 32(1), pp.198-209.
• Chen, W., Jiang, Z., Guo, H. and Ni, X., 2020. Fall detection based on key points of human-skeleton using openpose. Symmetry, 12(5), p.744.
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• Dutta, A. and Chattopadhyay, H., 2020. Exergetic analysis of human respiratory system including effect of age and gender. International Journal of Exergy, 31(4), pp.370-385.
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Article

• (Krista, 2021) Endocrine system. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119624608.ch17 [Accessed on: 10.06.2023]

Website

• (Lung.ca, 2019) Respiratory system. Available at: https://www.lung.ca/lung-health/lung-info/respiratory-system [Accessed on: 10.06.2023]