4NH026Health Needs Assessment (HNA) Assignment Sample

4NH026Health Needs Assessment (HNA) Assignment

STEP 1

Introductory aspects of identified geographical area

This is the summary of the geographical profile of Walsall in waste midland, UK and the fundamental characteristics of the populations will be presented while including the population number alongside age and gender ethnicity distribution in the identified area. The following context will also examine the primary factors that have significant impact on health including deprivations and poverty and health status of the populations by exploring mortality rates, lifestyle choice and mental health issues.

Population characteristics

The current populations of the identified geographic area referred to 284306 along with a majority of ethnicity 71% white population and 29% of another ethnicity (Varbes, 2023). The identified geographic area has approximately 21.7% aged between 0 to 15 years old and 60.8% aged between 16 to 64% while 17.5% are considered 65 and over the age (Walsallintelligence.org.uk, 2023a). While addressing the age distributions in the area, it can be stated that the median average age in this specific geographic area refers to 38.6 and present 79.9% of the population who are over the age of 18 (Varbes, 2023). It also has 71100 (26%) children who are between the age of 0-19 and by 2025, it is projected to grow to 75100 (Varbes, 2023). It also addresses the minority ethnic groups of school children which present the 35. 3% of the population along with 27.2% of children who live under the poverty line (Walsallintelligence.org.uk, 2023b).

New Assignment Help offers comprehensive assignment services in the UK, catering to all your academic needs. Avail of our free assignment sample to experience our top-quality services.

Factors impacting upon health

While addressing the factors that have significant impact on health, it can be stated that Walsall's IMD score refers to 25th out of 317 most deprived English local authorities along with placing this area within the most deprived 10% of districts in the country (Afghan and Shanker, 2022). This is followed by the presence of extreme deprivation within the central and West areas which showcase the presence of deprived eastern areas in the country. The identified geographic area places bad in terms of addressing income (16th in country) along with skills and training deprivations (11th in the country) and employment (38th) while showcasing many other issues that match to the geography of deprivation (Varbes, 2023). On the other hand, it also showcases child poverty at high and increasing levels in Walsall by addressing additional demand on service and ranks 17th in terms of addressing "income deprivation affecting children index (IDACI)". Closing these gaps in comparison with the national level are considered significant here to impact on the overall health context.

Health status of the population

The life expectancy in Walsall among male and females are 77.5 and 82 years (Fingertips.phe.org.uk, 2023) which compared to England’s expectancy of 79.8 and 82.6 respectively (Ons.gov.uk, 2023a). The highest cause of death are cancer, CHD and pulmonary disease (Walsallintelligence.org.uk, 2023c) due to the contribution of smoking (15.6 under the age of 18 and 63.2% above 18) and obesity (67.2%) in comparison to England with 41% Cancer, 60% CHD and pulmonary 18% (Gov.uk, 2023). Besides, prevalence of DM is 8.3% (Walsallintelligence.org.uk, 2023d) in comparison with England with 6.4% (Diabetes.org.uk, 2023). This includes impacting dietary patterns, exercise and other behaviour risk factors that affect the area. The range of death in TB is 25% (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2023a) in Walsall and 13.1% in England alongside influenza is 19.8 per 1000000 population (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2023a) in comparison with England of 25.5 (Gov.uk, 2023). From covid, the rate was 43.2 deaths per 100,000 population in comparison with England with 85.7 deaths per 100,000 (Ons.gov.uk, 2023b). Approximately 45381 pupils are suffering from LD in Walsall (Lginform.local.gov.uk, 2023) in comparison with 2.6 million in England (Gov.uk, 2023) alongside 20% of the population with mental health issues such as anxiety and depression in comparison to 4 million in England (Mind.org.uk, 2023). Besides, deprivations of health are related to early date and illness associated with mental illness will be diet using tobacco in poorer areas in comparison to richer areas (Lginform.local.gov.uk, 2023). This is followed by 1 in 3 adolescents which refers to 29.9% (under the age of 16) belonging to a low-income family which is considered higher in comparison to the national average of 20.1% (HMRC) (Gov.uk, 2023). There is a 22% crime rate in Walsall (Crimerate.co.uk, 2023) compared to 29.2% in England (Ons.gov.uk, 2023b).

On the other hand, while addressing the health promotion in lifespan continuum, it can be stated that health screening has always been an important context that helps in addressing the childhood healthcare with the goals of health problem and identifying disabilities and including extensive effort in terms of promoting positive health practice for the children and adolescents (Edelman and Kudzma, 2021). These are followed by encouragement to develop positive health attitudes and arranging programs to school children and adolescents in terms of associating them to develop good health practices. These are followed by shading light on the adverse help practice such as smoking risky sexual activities alcohol or drug abuse or food nutrition are part of this educational programs, it also emphasises on values training self-esteem and healthy lifestyle practice (Jackson, 2019). In Walsall, these include annual health check-up for adults with learning disability and audiology under paediatric department and service for child and adolescent mental health, child development, community children's nursing and health and care plans (HCP)" (Go.walsall.gov.uk, 2023a). Apart from that, the health protection and improvement are also done by managing a healthy and balanced diet and promoting environment while enabling physical activity, good educational attainment and quality housing and support network in order to enhance the protective factors while managing intervention at different life stages (Choudry, 2021). In Walsall, it includes collaborative approaches with NHS trusts such as acute, specialist and mental health and voluntary approach, community and social enterprise, health and well-being board, operation from local authorities, place-based partnership between ICB members and strengthening primary care network (Go.walsall.gov.uk, 2023b).

In summary, it can be stated that Walsall is predominantly suffering from deprivation and child poverty. However, there are some initiatives from local authorities to improve the overall care aspects.

STEP 2

Lifespan development refers to the full process of human development from conceptions to date and is considered a holistic approach in terms of understanding psychological cognitive as well as emotional and social changes for each human being (Kendricks et al. 2022). There are approximately 9 stages of development across the lifespan followed by prenatal, infancy and toddlerhood along with early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. In the following context adolescence development stage has been selected in order to carry out the health assessment for the identified geography area in Walsall, UK.

Adolescence is considered a period of transition between childhood and adulthood and refers to a child entering adolescence going through different physical emotional changes alongside intellectual psychological and social changes while developing their own moral compasses (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2023b). These changes are considered rapid and consist of different development rates that make it challenging in terms of becoming independent and beginning to explore identity while facing different issues. While this group is thrown to experience rapid physical cognitive and psychological growth it also impacts on their thinking capability, feelings as well as decision making capacity and interacting with the world (Jones et al. 2019). This factor is effective while addressing development needs and rights of the group along with facing different knowledge and skills while learning the management of emotion and attributing towards adult roles which impact on their overall health. Besides, this age group also faces developing social and emotional habits which are important for maintaining mental well-being (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2023b). This is followed by adopting a healthy sleep pattern or exercising on a regular basis as well as developing coping mechanisms, problem solving skills, interpersonal skills and managing health and emotion. These factors are capable of identifying this age group as one of the important phases of life and using it to identify the factors that influence their overall health and development.

On the other hand, while addressing theoretical aspects, it can be stated that early intervention strategies are considered core principles to address several ways of disease prevention as well as promoting health (Huang et al. 2023). These also include applications of this principle in terms of advocating childhood development and understanding the importance of early intervention. It emphasises on the expense of early intervention strategies that are considered significant to add value on different phases of life cycles in particular adolescence (Jones et al. 2019). As per the statement of Henggeler et al. (2023), this specific age group is considered a significant stage of development that showcases excellent evidence-based examples on the intervention in later childhood and early adolescence while adding significant benefits for the population. The primary risk of this stage refers to behaviour issues and that addresses the identifications of effective strategies in order to promote healthy lifestyle among adolescents with limited resources. It also provides intervention opportunities to maintain a positive influence on the development outcome of adolescence age (Tonkin, 2021). However, it can also be stated that the strategic interventions are required to be on time while addressing development approaches and are capable of providing measurable outcomes. These include peer-support or in-school campaigns on anti-smoking contexts are considered effective in early adolescence whereas quit smoking strategies are delivered in presence of psychiatrist counselling which have significant impact on late adolescence (Ki and Chun, 2018). These are considered significant aspects in terms of identifying the specific development stage as the target audience with the aim of adding intervention.

In the following health assessment of the identified geographic area Walsall, the identified age group has shown the prevalence in terms of addressing health deprivations as well as childhood obesity along with educational attainment and the rate of total crime (Walsallintelligence.org.uk, 2023b). The Blakenall, Birchills, Leamore, Pleck and many other areas have a high deprivation rate of approximately 52.9% with the excess weight gain among children up to 25.7% along with the total score of educational contexts with 41 which is the worst in the area (Mind.org.uk, 2023). On the other hand, school going children from the same area denote the presence of approximately 25.7% of the population with health issues due to improper management in comparison to Streetly, another area in Walsall which ranks 19th (Mind.org.uk, 2023). In the identified area, there is also scope of promoting good mental health by identifying risk as well as protective factors and interventions with the aim of associating children and young people to build strength as well as scales to develop their cooking strategies and management of adversity. It includes starting a support system for young children under the age of 11 and developing transition services while exploring the feasibility of developing 16 to 25 services (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2023c). On the other hand, adolescence poverty is considered washer than England with 27.2% each under 16 years to live in the poverty line along with high data family homelessness and obesity among 23.3% in the area (Walsallintelligence.org.uk, 2023d). Apart from that, the young people in this area are prone to consume alcohol overdose which is similar to England average on the population aged 0-17 and prone to self-harm as the result of ill mental health in the same area (Walsallintelligence.org.uk, 2023d). These are considered significant reasons in terms of identifying the area as the target population.

STEP 3

Adolescence is considered a critical stage of development and there are significant health related requirements for this age group which require specific attention (Abel et al. 2019). Proper nutrition is considered a significant requirement for this age group that helps them to undergo the rapid physical as well as cognitive and emotional development and associating them to support their hormone changes. This needs rich and nutrient dense food consumptions by the group in the form of fruits, vegetables as well as whole grains only in proteins with the aim of supporting healthy growth and development. This is followed by the management of proper physical activities that helps with management of a healthy weight, reducing the chance of obesity and building strong bones while improving the overall mental health of the age group. It also encourages them in terms of engaging in an activity while achieving a lifetime of good health habits (Danese et al. 2020). On the other hand, they are also required to access comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education including the information on the use of contraception as well as prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. These are followed by proper education on risky sexual behaviour and the significance of consent while emphasising the education to help ensure healthy relationships and as a safer community. It also includes regular access to health care services with the aim of addressing any difficulties or challenges that may arise during their time of physical as well as emotional and social changes in this development stage (Bull et al. 2020). This factor requires annual check-up with paediatrician or family physicians with the aim of ensuring their overall health and well-being and providing them proper education on managing healthy life cell choice to prevent any mishaps.

From the overall discussions of identified groups from the specific geographic area, it can be stated that these young children require proper health education which is considered age-appropriate intervention. These are followed by campaigns based on education on healthy lifestyle and weight management and avoiding ill management of health. These are important for the identified population group in order to reduce the prevalence of obesity and improper weight management in the identified area. These are followed by accessing a safe and supportive environment with lower crime rate and accessing proper guidance for the identified age groups in terms of associating them for a healthy outcome with good health. It also includes providing service on the mental health context of the identified population.

While it was identified that the selected geographic sections of Walsall have prevalence of obese children with a statistic of 25.7% with low educational context on healthy lifestyle management with a score of 41 (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2023b), it is important to shed light on the specific needs of the identified group to meet their overall healthcare contacts. In the UK, this factor creates inequalities by impacting children's self -esteem alongside making it harder for them to concentrate on their study and creating challenges for their attendance and growth (Michel et al. 2019). On the other hand, it can also be stated that overweight and obese adolescents have greater risk of facing lifestyle management diseases in the form of diabetes, heart disease or other cancer. From the previous discussions, it was also identified in the selected geographic area the primary cause of death refers to cancer or permanent disease or heart disease. Apart from that, while shedding light on the national diver for needs of the identified population it can be stated that the UK is considered an obesity prevalence area where more than one third of teenagers start their adult life journey with overweight and obesity that impact on their overall education, food habits and lifestyle management (McManus et al. 2019). On the other hand, it is also important to identify the prevalence of the disease among the selected populations in the form of 27% of boys and 20% of girls who are suffering from obesity in the UK who are aged between 11 to 15 years (Go.walsall.gov.uk, 2023a). These are considered a significant state in terms of identifying this need for the following context.

While focusing on the previous discussions, it can be stated that the identified geographic area has a high child crime rate which includes self-harming behaviour among the adolescence. These are followed by bad mouthing other residences alongside prevalence of bicycle theft as well as criminal damage and arson in the identified area. Physical environment features are considered significant factors that can influence the chances of crime occurring in an area and affecting potential offenders' perceptions into possible crime sites (Walsallintelligence.org.uk, 2023b). These are followed by the strong influence of environment on the development of adolescence by impacting them due to lack of strong positive relationship with parents or increasing involvement of burglary, theft along with premature independence as well as cool dropout (Gov.uk, 2023). On the national level, it can also be stated that crimes are often related to the level of inequalities that are present in the UK which impact on the public to access proper service across the country and improper management by the government while incline austerity measures. With the presence of social-economic inequalities, the nation also faces substance abuse as well as easy access to weapons along with peer pressure and lack of appropriate education as well as support service which increases adolescence crime rate in the UK (Walsallintelligence.org.uk, 2023b). Therefore, a healthy environment is required for adolescence in terms of accessing proper growth and development.

Lastly, there is a high prevalence of overdose of alcohol consumption among adolescents in Walsall due to bad mental health. Poor mental health in the identified population is considered impacting several areas of a teen's life that create struggle and challenges for the youth to face while making decisions regarding their health and life (Mind.org.uk, 2023). On the other hand, management of good mental health and accessing proper service help adolescents to build a positive social as well as emotional and thinking capabilities that's in their communication skills and behaviour which impact their overall well-being in life. Approximately 20% of the overall populations in the identified area is suffering from mental health issues such as anxiety and depression which compares to the 4 million of populations in the UK which denotes the severity of the situations among young people and their emotional well-being (Mind.org.uk, 2023). Therefore, making easy access to emotional support and service for mental health of young people is a necessary need for the identified group.

STEP 4

With the given situations and the overall discussions, it can be stated that the identified three needs are important for the adolescence population in the selected geographic area with the aim of improving the overall outcome. However, a proper health education is important at the initial stage that will help the population to manage excess weight gain alongside continuing physical activities and reducing the prevalence of lifestyle diseases.

In the local area, there are several initiatives that are available for providing health services to the children and young people in terms of pointing out the importance of healthy behaviour by educating them. These include specialist health services alongside rolling education, health and care plans to improve the overall outcome (Taylor et al. 2019). It also includes annual health check-ups for adolescents with learning disabilities and often educating them for understanding the importance of health check-up and overall well-being while finding any health issues. This is followed by the role of Walsall healthcare trust in terms of providing knowledge on audiology and hearing its services for the children aged between 0 to 16 (Go.walsall.gov.uk, 2023a). Besides their available support service on mental health of child and adolescence in the area alongside child development services. A joint local health and wellbeing strategy is to intervene in the identified geographic area for the time period of 2022 to 2025 with the aim of managing educational establishment alongside healthcare education for vulnerable groups while managing the cost of care service and reducing inequality gap while acknowledging National moves to deliver services (Go.walsall.gov.uk, 2023b). Besides, there are services for education skills and training deprivations among the group to reduce the challenge of deprivations and increasing their knowledge on health and well-being. On the other hand, there is proper advice, education and support in the form of a model of health care and well-being as the primary vision for people and community of Walsall to help children and young people to manage their own health and well-beings by identifying their needs and preventions of ill health (McIntosh-Dalmedo et al. 2023). In this context, the implementation of the health belief model is important in pointing out the health-related behaviours that can be ignited by the combinations of several factors and actions in order to reduce barriers and receive benefits (Go.walsall.gov.uk, 2023a). This is important here by promoting healthy behaviour and educating adolescents on disease prevention programs while identifying their health behaviours. These are used in parent workshops, resilience groups and children and young people groups (Healthforkids.co.uk, 2023) to correct their behaviour by education on healthy lifestyle while improving the overall outcome.

Your Success is Our Priority! At New Assignment Help, we prioritize your success by delivering exceptional healthcare assignment support. Our team of experts is committed to providing you with the guidance and resources needed to excel academically. Don’t let challenges hold you back—choose New Assignment Help for a brighter future!

References

Abel, K.M., Hope, H., Swift, E., Parisi, R., Ashcroft, D.M., Kosidou, K., Osam, C.S., Dalman, C. and Pierce, M., 2019. Prevalence of maternal mental illness among children and adolescents in the UK between 2005 and 2017: a national retrospective cohort analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 4(6), pp.e291-e300.

Afghan, S.S. and Shanker, A., 2022. Organising Joint Primary & Secondary Care (CPA) Reviews for severe mental health disorders hosted at GP practice in Walsall UK, an exemplar of collaborative working. European Psychiatry, 65(S1), pp.S612-S613.

Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. 2023a., “The national influenza immunisation programme 2022 to 2023” Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1105068/Flu-information-for-HCPs-2022-to-2023-20Sept22.pdf [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. 2023b., “The Best Start for Life” Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/973112/The_best_start_for_life_a_vision_for_the_1_001_critical_days.pdf [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. 2023c., “PHE Strategy 2020-25” Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/831562/PHE_Strategy_2020-25.pdf [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Bull, F.C., Al-Ansari, S.S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M.P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J.P., Chastin, S., Chou, R. and Dempsey, P.C., 2020. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British journal of sports medicine, 54(24), pp.1451-1462.

Choudry, S., 2021. Equitable Education: What everyone working in education should know about closing the attainment gap for all pupils. Critical Publishing.

Crimerate.co.uk. 2023., “Crime rates” Available at: https://crimerate.co.uk/west-midlands/walsall [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Danese, A., Smith, P., Chitsabesan, P. and Dubicka, B., 2020. Child and adolescent mental health amidst emergencies and disasters. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), pp.159-162.

Diabetes.org.uk. 2023., “number of people living with diabetes in the uk tops 5 million for the first time” Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about_us/news/number-people-living-diabetes-uk-tops-5-million-first-time#:~:text=Our%20new%20figures%20show%20that,2%20 diabetes%20in%20the%20UK. [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Edelman, C. and Kudzma, E.C., 2021. Health promotion throughout the life span-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Fingertips.phe.org.uk. 2023., “Local Authority Health Profile 2019” Available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/static-reports/health-profiles/2019/e08000030.html?area-name=walsall [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Go.walsall.gov.uk. 2023a., “Health services for children and young people” Available at: https://go.walsall.gov.uk/children-and-young-people/send-local-offer/health-and-wellbeing/health-services-children-and-young [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Go.walsall.gov.uk. 2023b., “Walsall Joint Local Health & Wellbeing Strategy” Available at: https://go.walsall.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2022-12/Walsall%20Joint%20Local%20Health%20and%20Wellbeing%20Strategy%202022-2025%20v2.pdf [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Gov.uk. 2023., “Mortality profile commentary: March 2023” Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/mortality-profile-march-2023/mortality-profile-commentary-march-2023 [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Healthforkids.co.uk. 2023., “Health and Wellbeing” Available at: https://www.healthforkids.co.uk/walsall/emotional-health-wellbeing-2/ [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Henggeler, S.W., Melton, G.B., Smith, L.A., Schoenwald, S.K. and Hanley, J.H., 2023. Family preservation using multisystemic treatment: Long-term follow-up to a clinical trial with serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2, pp.283-293.

Huang, Y., Lu, J. and Šir??ek, J., 2023. The associations between social environment and adolescents’ psychosomatic health: An ecological perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 14.

Jackson, J., 2019. An evaluation of the Black Country in Motion: a community led intervention for the engagement of hard to reach, physically inactive communities of the Black Country.

Jones, N.L., Gilman, S.E., Cheng, T.L., Drury, S.S., Hill, C.V. and Geronimus, A.T., 2019. Life course approaches to the causes of health disparities. American journal of public health, 109(S1), pp.S48-S55.

Kendricks, D.R., Boomhower, S.R. and Newland, M.C., 2022. Adolescence as a sensitive period for neurotoxicity: Lifespan developmental effects of methylmercury. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 217, p.173389.

Kim, H.H.S. and Chun, J., 2018. Analyzing multilevel factors underlying adolescent smoking behaviors: the roles of friendship network, family relations, and school environment. Journal of School Health, 88(6), pp.434-443.

Lginform.local.gov.uk. 2023., “Mortality rate from a range of specified communicable diseases, including influenza per 100,000 population (male)” Available at: https://lginform.local.gov.uk/reports/lgastandard?mod-metric=12152&mod-area=E06000031&mod-group=AllSingleTierAndCountyLaInCountry_England&mod-type=namedComparisonGroup [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

McIntosh-Dalmedo, S., Lane, A.M., Nicholls, W. and Devonport, T.J., 2023. Investigating the Effects of a Physical Education (PE) Kit Intervention on Female Adolescent Body Esteem. Children, 10(6), p.938.

McManus, S., Gunnell, D., Cooper, C., Bebbington, P.E., Howard, L.M., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., Hassiotis, A., Weich, S. and Appleby, L., 2019. Prevalence of non-suicidal self-harm and service contact in England, 2000–14: repeated cross-sectional surveys of the general population. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(7), pp.573-581.

Michel, G., Mulder, R.L., van der Pal, H.J., Skinner, R., Bárdi, E., Brown, M.C., Vetsch, J., Frey, E., Windsor, R., Kremer, L.C. and Levitt, G., 2019. Evidence-based recommendations for the organization of long-term follow-up care for childhood and adolescent cancer survivors: a report from the PanCareSurFup Guidelines Working Group. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 13, pp.759-772.

Mind.org.uk. 2023., “Mental health facts and statistics” Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/media-a/2958/statistics-facts-2017.pdf [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Ons.gov.uk. 2023a., “Mortaality in England and wales” Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/articles/mortalityinenglandandwales/pastandprojectedtrendsinaveragelifespan#:~:text=1.-,Main%20points,(COVID%2D19)%20pandemic. [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Ons.gov.uk. 2023b., “Deaths involving COVID-19 by local area and socioeconomic deprivation: deaths occurring between 1 March and 17 April 2020” Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathsinvolvingcovid19bylocalareasanddeprivation/deathsoccurringbetween1marchand17april [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Taylor, R.M., Fern, L.A., Barber, J., Alvarez-Galvez, J., Feltbower, R., Morris, S., Hooker, L., McCabe, M.G., Gibson, F., Raine, R. and Stark, D.P., 2019. Description of the BRIGHTLIGHT cohort: the evaluation of teenage and young adult cancer services in England. BMJ open, 9(4), p.e027797.

Tonkin, R.S., 2021. Early intervention with an adolescent twist. Paediatrics & Child Health, 6(7), pp.424-428.

Varbes. 2023., “Demographics of Walsall” Available at: https://www.varbes.com/demographics/walsall-demographics [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Walsallintelligence.org.uk. 2023a., “Walsall Insight'' Available at: https://www.walsallintelligence.org.uk/jsna/ [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Walsallintelligence.org.uk. 2023b., “Deprivation” Available at: https://www.walsallintelligence.org.uk/home/demographics/deprivation/ [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Walsallintelligence.org.uk. 2023c., “Mortality” Available at: https://www.walsallintelligence.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/JNSA-07.01-Mortality.pdf [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Walsallintelligence.org.uk. 2023d., “Child Health Profile” Available at: https://www.walsallintelligence.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/JNSA-Appendix-2-ChildHealthProfile2016-Walsall.pdf [Accessed on 7th June 2023]

Walsallintelligence.org.uk. 2023d., “Diabetes” Available at: https://www.walsallintelligence.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/JNSA-07.06-Diabetes.pdf [Accessed on 7th June 2023]